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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
The molecule of heredity common to all life forms, that is passed from generations |
Life instructions |
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DNA |
Instruction manual for life |
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Chromosomes |
Single, large DNA molecule wrapped around proteins Located in nuclei of most eukaryotic cells |
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How many chromosomes do humans have? |
23 pairs, one from mom and dad |
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XX |
Female |
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XY |
Male |
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Nucleotides |
DNA made up of subunits linked together |
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Nucleotide parfa |
Sugar, phosphate, a base |
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Double Helix |
The spiral structure formed by two strands of DNA nucleotides bound together |
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Adenine |
Pairs with thymine or uracil |
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Guanine |
Pairs with cytosine |
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DNA profile |
A visual rep of a persons unique DNA sequence |
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DNA replication |
The natural process by which cells make an identical copy of a DNA molecule |
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Why do Certain nucleotides pair together? |
Complementary - They are the right shape to form hydrogen bonds with each other, a always with T and C with G |
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1. Step of DNA rep |
Helix is unwound and 2 strands unzip |
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2 step of DNA replication |
DNA polymerase builds new strand of DNA along each unzipped strand: free nucleotides are added to each new strand in sequence |
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DNA polymerase |
An enzyme that "reads" the sequence of a DNA strand and helps to add complementary nucleotides to form a new strand during DNA replication |
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3 step of DNA replication |
End result is 2 complete double-stranded molecules of DNA |
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Semiconservative |
DNA Replication is said to be Semiconservative because each newly made DNA molecule has one original and one new strand of DNA pol |
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Polymerase chain reaction |
A lab technique used to replicate and thus amplify a specific DNA segment |
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Genome |
One complete set of genetic instructions encoded in the DNA of an organism |
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Short tandem repeats |
Sections of a chromosomes in which DNA sequences are repeated |
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Protein |
A macromolecule made up of repeating subunits known as amino acids, which determine shape and function of a proteins. Proteins play many critical roles in living organisms |
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Gene |
A sequence of DNA that contains the info to make at least one protein |
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How proteins form |
Amino acids bind together In linear chains |
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Amino acids |
The building blocks of proteins |
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Gene expression |
The process of using DNA instructions to make proteins |
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Antithrombin |
Promotes blood clotting |
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Alleles |
Different versions of the same gene, with different nucleotide sequences |
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Transcotpion |
Using DNA to make messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of the gene |
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Translation |
The process of using this mRNA copy as a set of instructions to assemble amino acids into a protein |
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RNA polymerase |
Transcription begins in the nucleus of a cell when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to DNA at a genes regulatory sequence. |
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Trans |
Back (Definition) |
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Trans |
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Ribosome |
Where translation starts |
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Codon |
It's letters name a particular amino acid |
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Transfer RNA |
What delivers proteins/amino acids to the to ribosome |
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Anticodon |
Base pairs are complementary fashion with an mRNA codon |
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Genetic code |
The set of rules dictating with mRNA codons specify which amino acids |
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Interphase |
G1 - cell grows Synthesis - DNA replicates G2 - ready to divide |
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Interphase |
G1 - cell grows Synthesis - DNA replicates G2 - ready to divide |
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Mitosis |
2. Phase of cell cycle When the chromosomes are evenly divided between the two daughters cells |
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Cytokinesis |
Last phase - The two daughter cells physically separate |
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Sister chromatid |
Duplicates chromosome which connect to centromeee |
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Microtubules |
Cells cytoskeleton, rearrange to form mototic spindle |
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Cell cycle checkpoint |
Monitor stage of cell and check for mistakes |
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Apoptosis |
Programmed cell death |
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Tumor |
Mass of cells resulting from uncontrollable cell division |
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Mutations |
A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
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Germ-like mutation |
Mutation occurring on gametes and passed to offspring |
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Somatic mutations |
A mutation that occurs in a body, nongamete, cell - not passed to offspring |
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Germ-like mutation |
Mutation occurring on gametes and passed to offspring |
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Somatic mutations |
A mutation that occurs in a body, nongamete, cell - not passed to offspring |
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Mutagens |
Chemical of physical agent that can damage DNA by changing its nucleotide sequence |
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Carcinogens |
Chemical agent that causes cancer by damaging DNA - type of mutagen |
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Porto-oncogene |
A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally |
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Porto-oncogene |
A gene that codes for a protein that helps cells divide normally |
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Tumor suppressor gene |
A gene that codes for proteins that monitor and check cell suckle progression. When these genes mutate, tumor suppressor proteins lose normal function |
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Oncogene |
A mutated and overactive form of a proto-oncogene. Oncogenes drive cells to divide continually |
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Benign tunor |
A non cancerous tumor that will not spread to the rest of the body |
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Malignant tumor |
A cancerous tumor that spreads throughout the body |
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