Bio 101 Ch.4

Front 1

Define energy.

Back 1

the ability to do work (move matter.)

Front 2

Define potential energy.

Back 2

stored energy available to do work.

Front 3

Define kinetic energy.

Back 3

energy being used to do work; any moving object possesses this form of energy.

Front 4

Define anabolism.

Back 4

chemical reaction when simpler substances are combined to form more complex molecules.

(requires energy)

Front 5

Define catabolism.

Back 5

chemical reaction that break downs complex molecules into smaller units

(usually releasing energy in the process.)

Front 6

What are the 2 laws of thermodynamics?

Back 6

1. law of energy conservation. Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is constant.

2. All energy transformations are ineffeceint because every reaction loses some energy to the surrounding as heat.

Front 7

What does entropy mean?

Back 7

randomness or disorder

Front 8

Describe the characteristics of ATP.

Back 8

-the energy currency of a cell

-found in phosphate bonds

Front 9

How many phosphates are in ATP?

Back 9

3 phosphate groups

Front 10

What are enzymes?

Back 10

An organic molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction without being consumed.

Front 11

What are substrates (active sites of enzymes)?

Back 11

The region to which the substrates bind.

Front 12

What does induced fit mean?

Back 12

that the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity.

Front 13

What are exergonic reactions?

Back 13

metabolic reaction that releases energy.
-break large, complex molecules into their smaller, simpler components.

Front 14

What are endergonic reactions?

Back 14

metabolic reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed.

-build complex molecules from simpler components

Front 15

What is activation energy?

Back 15

the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must possess in order to undergo a specified reaction.

Front 16

What is denaturation?

Back 16

1. Can occur when proteins are heated, subjected to significant pH changes/ treated with certain chemicals

2. When a protein goes from folded to unfolded

Front 17

What is a catalyst?

Back 17

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

Front 18

What are inhibitors of enzymes?

Back 18

is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity.

Front 19

What is passive energy? What are the different types?

Back 19

-It does not require energy

1. concentration gradient

2. diffusion

3. osmosis

4. facilitated diffusion

Front 20

What is concentration gradient?

Back 20

The area where diffusion happens.

-where it goes from high concentration to low concentration

Front 21

What is down/with concentration gradient?

Back 21

Goes from high to low

Front 22

What is against/ up concentration gradient?

Back 22

goes from low to high

(not natural, requires energy)

Front 23

What is diffusion?

Back 23

molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration until there is an equilibrium.

Front 24

What is osmosis?

Back 24

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Front 25

What is tonicity?

Back 25

strength of solution in relationship to osmosis

( the flow of water in and out of a cell)

Front 26

What are the three types of solution of tonicity?

Back 26

1. isonic solution

2. hypertonic solution

3. hypotonic solution

Front 27

Describe isonic solution.

Back 27

equal concentration of solutes in solution and cell

(no net gain or loss of water to cell).

Front 28

Describe hypertonic solution.

Back 28

higher solute concentration in solution than cell

(net movement of water is from in > to outside of cell)

Front 29

Describe hypotonic solution.

Back 29

lower solute concentration in solution than in the cell. (Higher in the cell.)

(net movement of water is from out > to inside of cell)

Front 30

What is turgor pressure?

Back 30

the resulting force of water against the cell wall

Front 31

What is facilitated diffusion?

Back 31

molecule diffuses across membrane but with help of carrier protein

(explains the passage of glucose and amino acids across membrane -hydrophobic)

Front 32

What is plasmolysis?

Back 32

is the process in which cells lose water in a hypertonic solution.

Front 33

What is active transport? What are the active ways of transport?

Back 33

-transport that requires energy

1. transport a molecule across a membrane against its concentration gradient -need ATP

2. gives a cell ability to maintain various concentrations of small molecules inside relative to outside

3. Specific proteins help with that and need ATP

Front 34

What are the different active transport processes?

Back 34

1. sodium-potassium pump

2. endocytosis

3. exocytosis

Front 35

What is sodium-potassium pump?

Back 35

uses ATP as an energy source to pumps 3 sodium ions (Na+) out and 2 potassium ions (K+) in.

Front 36

What is endocytosis?

Back 36

-allows a cell to engulf fluids and large molecules, and brings them into the cell

Front 37

What are the three forms of endocytosis?

Back 37

1. pinocytosis

2. phagocytosis

3. receptor mediated endocytosis

Front 38

What is pinocytosis?

Back 38

the cell engulfs small amounts of fluids and dissolved substances

Front 39

What is phagocytosis?

Back 39

the cell captures and engulfs large particles, such as debris or even another cell

Front 40

What is the process of receptor mediated endocytosis?

Back 40

1. a receptor protein on a cell's surface binds a biochemical;

2. the cell membrane indents, drawing the substance into the cell

Front 41

What is exocytosis?

Back 41

-the opposite of endocytosis

uses vesicles to transport fluids and large particles out of cells

Front 42

What are different vesicular transport mechanisms?

Back 42

1. endocytosis

2. pinocytosis

3. phagocytosis

4. receptor mediated endocytosis

5. exocytosis