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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Linnaeus's role in helping Darwin. |
He was the founder of taxonomy. which is the study of nature and classifying organisms. - he was a physician & botanist who sought to discover the diversity of life |
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describe Curvier role in helping Darwin. |
1.The father of paleontology. 2. noted each stratum (layer of rock) characterized by unique groups of fossil species. 3. advocated catastrophic- when each strata corresponds to a catastrophe in the destroyed species is replaced by a new species. |
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Describe Hutton's roll in helping Darwin. |
1. He was a geologist 2. Advocated uniformitarianism - that Earth's formation took longer than 2000 years. which is against Christian beliefs. |
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Describe Lyell's role in helping Darwin. |
1. Geologist 2. Advocated uniformitarianism even further - the geological change of the earth resulted from slow continuous actions. Therefore the earth must be very old. |
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What contribution did Jean Baptiste Lamarck make in scientific history? |
He wrote the theory of evolution in 1809. - compare the current species of invertebrates to fossil forms |
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What part of Jean Baptiste Lamarck ideas turn out to be false? |
The idea of use and disuse. - when you use a certain body part a lot it will grow and other parts will deteriorate, and the biggest body part will grow and be passed along to children |
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How did Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle help shape some of his ideas? |
1. Most of the time observing and collecting organisms from all the places he visited. 2. Observed various adaptions of plants and animals in South American and Africa that were very different from those in Europe. 3. he deducted that new species could arrive from ancestrial form by gradual accumulation of adoptions two different environment. |
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What volcanic islands were instrumental in helping Darwin think in terms of natural selection? |
Galapagos Islands |
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What were some of the most famous animal examples from the Galapagos Island? |
The Galapagos tortoises and the Galapagos finches |
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What was the name of the book Darwin published? |
It was called "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection" |
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What issues did Darwin address in this book? |
- great diversity of organisms - their origins in relationships - their similarities and differences - their geographical distribution - their adaptation to surrounding environment |
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How did Darwin define evolution in his book? |
1. He refer to evolution as "descent with modification" 2. Refers to processes that have transformed life on Earth from the earliest form to the vast diversity that characterizes it today |
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Name Darwin's two main points in this book. |
1. Occurrence of evolution - species were not created in their present forms but evolve from ancestral species 2. A mechanism for evolution (natural selection ) - a population of organisms that change over time as a result of individuals with certain heritable traits leaving more offspring than other individuals |
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Name Darwin's 3 important observations from this text. |
1. All living organisms tend to breed at a prolific rate 2. No single species swarm uncontrollably over the earth - not all individuals produced will survive 3. Individuals are not alike, they vary. - those individuals possession favorable characteristics will survive, reproduce, and pass on those characteristics to offspring |
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Define natural selection. |
A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics - adaptation - contribute more offspring to the next generation then do individuals lacking those characteristics |
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Define adaptation. |
Traits that enhances an organism's ability to survive |
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Define evolution. |
A change of the genetic makeup with modification of a population over multiple generations |
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Define population. |
Several organisms of the same species in this particular area |
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Define species. |
A distinct type of organism |
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Define gene pool. |
All of the genes and their alleles in a population |
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Describe microevolution. |
Relative short-term changes in allele frequencies within a population or species generation by generation. |
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What is the Hardy - Weinberg theorem? |
1. The highly unlikely situation in which allele frequencies and genotype frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. |
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What is the Hardy - Weinberg equation? |
For allele frequency: P + Q = 1 For genotype frequency: P ^2 + 2PQ + Q^2 P = dom allele Q= rec allele |
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Why is the Hardy - Weinberg very important to learn? |
They allow us to infer characteristics of a population based on limited information. - can be used to estimate allele frequencies based on known frequency of 1 genotype |
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What five conditions must be met for a population NOT to evolve? |
1. Natural selection does not occur 2. Mutations do not occur, so no new alleles 3. The population is infinitely large, or at least large enough to eliminate random changes in allele frequencies 4. Individuals mate at random 5. Individuals do not migrate into or out of the population of a certain region |
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What are the five causes of microevolution? |
1. Genetic drift - change in the gene pool of a small populations do to chance 2. Gene flow - genetic exchange due to migration of fertile individuals / gametes between populations 3. Mutation - change in an organism's DNA 4. Nonrandom mating - individuals usually make with the closest neighbors been distant members 5. Natural selection - not all individuals in a population are equal in their ability to survive and produce fertile offspring |
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Give an example of 1. Genetic drift |
Bottleneck effect - indiscriminate killing due to natural disasters founder effect - few individuals colonize a new habitat ( both are unlikely to represent original population) |
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Give me an example of 2. gene flow |
Reduces differences between populations that I've accumulated because of natural selection of genetic drift. - 6 different types of a certain snake, but if close to the end of a region and start a regions there is crossing over |
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Give an example of 3. mutations |
Over a few generations, does not tend affect population gene pool or allele frequencies |
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Give an example of 4. Nonrandom mating |
- Can promote inbreeding - tends to increase frequencies of homozygous genotypes, especially recessive ones -individual select partners that are like themselves in certain phenotypic |
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give an example of 5. Natural selection. |
One animal surviving that has better adapted traits then those that don't |
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Briefly describe stabilizing selection. |
Act against extreme phenotypes - extreme phenotypes are less fit than the optimal intermediate phenotypes. the ex. Very small or very large newborns are less likely to survive than babies of intermediate weight |
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Describe briefly directional selection. |
Changes in the environment changes the traits of a population go in a certain direction of the next generation.
- one extreme phenotype is picked and the environment selects against the others.
ex. A change in tree trunk color from light to dark may select for dark winged moths and against white wing moths Ex. Environment require large antlers, so the next gen will have more large antlers that small or intermediate. |
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Describe briefly disruptive selection |
Occurs when environmental conditions are varied in a way that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotype range / intermediates - two or more extreme phenotypes are fitter than the intermediate phenotype. ex. The population of snails that live in Moncks Brown walks encrusted with white barnacles, the white snails near the barnacles are camouflaged. The dark brown snails on the bare rocks are camouflage. But those that are in between the two extremes are more often seen and Eaten |
