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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a virus |
A small infectious agent made of nucleic acid and protein |
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How can viruses compare to cells |
Virus Genetic information Protein coat Envelope Bacteriophages |
Pevgb |
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Bacteriophages |
Can only bind to and infect bacterial cells |
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What are all thing viruses can infect |
Plants Bacteria Human host cells |
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Host range |
Each virus has holds range; cells or organisms can be infected |
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Reservoir?
What is an example? |
Help spread viruses to other species
Ex. Mosquitoes (zika) |
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Viral replication occurs in 5 stages |
1 Attachment 2 penetration 3 synthesis 4 assembly 5 release
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APSAR |
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Lytic |
Burst from their host cells soon after infection |
Brust |
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Lysogenic cycle |
Hide as their replicate with out damaging the host cells |
Hide |
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Prophage |
DNA of lysogenic bacteriophage that is inserted into the host chromosomes. It replicates when cells divide |
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Can animals cells cause illness |
Yes |
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What infects the human T cells |
Hiv |
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What are t cells needed in |
Immune system |
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Latent
What is an example? |
It doesn't immediately induce disease symptoms
HIV |
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Vaccines |
Help prevent viral infection; contains inactive virus or viral protein
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How do you make vaccines |
Inoculate host cells with the virus |
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What is a way vaccine can help immune system |
Teach the immune system to recognize a virus |
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Can virus cause disease in plants? |
Yes |
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How do viral infections spread on plants |
My insects mouths |
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What do plants do to rid themselves of an infection |
Commit suicide |
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Viroids and prions are |
Non- cellular infectious agents |
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A viroid is an |
Infectious RNA molecule |
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A prion is an |
infectious protein |
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The meaning of viroid |
Circles of RNA that can infect plants; they cant encode but do use host cells to replicate |
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The meaning of prion |
Normal cellular protein that sometimes adopts an abnormal shape |
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Whats a prokaryote |
a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bounded organelles. |
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Example of prokaryote |
Bacteria and archaea |
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What are Bacteria and archaea similar internal structure |
Nucleoid Ribosomes Plasmids |
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Nucleoid |
the region where the DNA resides. |
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Plasmids |
circles of DNA apart from the chromosome. |
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Ribosomes |
use mRNA to synthesize proteins. |
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Cell wall |
outside the membrane. It gives the cell its shape and protects it from osmotic pressure. |
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Cell membrane |
the outer boundary of the cell; it regulates what can enter and exit the cell. |
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Glycoclyx |
layer of proteins or polysaccharides surrounding the cell wall. |
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How does glycocalyx help? |
helps cells attach to surfaces, form biofilms, and evade the immune system |
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Are viruses alive? Why? |
No. They do no metabolize. They do not respond to stimuli or reproduce on its own. |
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What are Bacteria and archaea similar external |
Cell membrane Cell wall |
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Peptidoglycan is a |
Gram positive cells and carbohydrates layer |
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Coccus |
Spherical |
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Bacillus |
Rod shaped |
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Spirillum |
Spiral |
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Pili |
Short, hair Like, projections made of protein that enable cells to adhere to objects, surfaces, and other cells |
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Taxis |
A response that enables cells To move toward or away from external stimuli |
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Flagellum |
Long, whip like extensions made of proteins that rotate like Propellers to help the cells move |
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Endospores |
Thick walls Keep Bacteria alive Can survive harsh conditions |
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Heterotrophs are called? And they do what? |
Other feeders Consume a ganic molecules produced by other organisms |
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Autotroph are called? What do they do? |
Self feeder Assemble their own molecules from inorganic sources |
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Whats examples of autotroph? |
Phototroph Chemotroph |
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Phototroph |
Derives energy from the Sun |
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Chemotroph |
Use inorganic chemicals like sulfur and iron |
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Obligate aerobes |
Die without oxygen |
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Obligate anaerobic |
Die with oxygen |
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Facultative anaerobic |
Can live in oxygen or no oxygen environment |
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Molecular data help what |
Dna sequence distinguishes archaea and bacteria Help realign the prokaryotes into two domains rather than one kingdom |
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Whats another word for vertical gene transfer? |
Binary fission |
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Vertical gene transfer |
It is an asexual process that replicates DNA and distributes it to two cells. |
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Whats the three steps a cell takes to do horizontal gene transfer |
Transformation Transduction Conjugation |
TTC |
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Horizontal gene transfer |
a cell receives DNA from a cell that is not its ancestor |
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Transformation |
Bits of DNA from dying cells are taken up by recipient cells |
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Transduction |
Viruses can pick up DNA from one cell and bring it to another cell. The recipient cell obtains new genes from the virus. |
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Conjugation |
Two cells exchange DNA by direct contact. DNA passes to the recipient cell through a sex pilus. |
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