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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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10. Virus
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a. Infectious particles of packaged genes
b. Covered with protein coat (simple to elaborate) c. Nucleic acids inside d. Some enveloped in membrous coating e. On own cannot carry out activities of life f. Many biologists believe they are not living organisms |
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11. Viral reproduction
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a. Two routes
i. Lytic cycle 1. kill host cells 2. injects DNA into bacteriophage 3. latches onto metabolic pathways of bacterium 4. forces the bacterium to make new phage proteins and DNA 5. cause the death of host cell, explodes and releases all new viruses 6. examples: a. herpes simplex b. genital warts c. flu d. small pox e. mumps f. rubella g. filovirus h. ebola, Marlborough 7. MOST VIRUSES IN PEOPLE ARE CAUSED BY LYTIC VIRUS ii. Lysogenic cycle 1. do not kill host cells 2. but can change the host cell a. getting into the DNA loop of bacterium 3. Diptheria, caused by change by virus 4. can cause a bacteria from nonpathogenic to pathogenic iii. To kill or not to kill |
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12. Retrovirus
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a. RNA is genetic material
b. RNA virus reproduces via DNA c. Using host DNA and transcription virus d. AIDS virus- most well known |
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13. Immune response
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a. Antibodies and cell mediated immunity via T-Cells
b. Antibodies bind to virus and inactivate it c. T-Cells mediate killing virus d. Vaccines i. Artificial induction of immunity-stimulating the immune response ii. Live attenuated iii. Dead-protein coat stimulates the immune response iv. Subunit-only part of virus |
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14. Vaccine
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a. China 200 BC- first vaccine
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15. Emerging virus
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a. Can refer to virus or threat
b. Three sources i. Mutation-variant more or less 1. AIDS ii. Host jumping 1. AIDS (primate human) 2. usually very lethal iii. Spreading 1. medical problem 2. vaccination prevents it |
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16. Viroids
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a. Tiny naked circular RNA molecules
b. Infected plants- stunted growth/distorted growth c. One form is hepatitis D in humans |
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17. Prions
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a. Misfolded, infectious proteins
b. Mad cow, scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease c. Prion- misfolded protein that doesn’t reproduce itself i. Makes prions out of normal proteins ii. Causes neurological problems |
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18. Prokaryote
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a. First cell prokaryotic
b. Dominated from 2.5-2 billion years c. Includes i. Domain Eubacteria ii. Domain Archaea |
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19. Prokaryote structure and shape
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a. Cocci
i. Spherical b. Bacilli i. Rod-like c. Spirilla i. Spiral d. Prokaryotic Structure i. Cell wall ii. Capsule-sometimes covered in a capsule iii. Nucleoid region iv. Pili- little hairs v. Flagella- for movement |
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20. Endospore
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a. Bacterial “resting” of cells
b. Resist harsh conditions c. Wait for conditions to improve |
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21. Photoautotroph
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a. Mode of nutrition
b. Energy source: sunlight c. Carbon source: CO2 |
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22. Chemoautotroph
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a. Mode of nutrition
b. Energy Source: inorganic chemicals c. Carbon Source: CO2 |
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23. Photoheterotroph
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a. Mode of nutrition
b. Energy source: sunlight c. Carbon Source: organic compounds |
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24. Chemoheterotroph
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a. Mode of Nutrition
b. Energy Source: organic compounds c. Carbon Source: organic compounds |
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27. Domain Archaea
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a. Look like bacteria
b. Transcription and translation of DNA like eukaryotes c. No known pathogenic or parasitic “extremophiles” d. Common in oceans, important in carbon and nitrogen cycling e. Methogenic-important to digestion in humans and cows |
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25. Bacteria
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a. Most prokaryotic diversity in terms of species
b. All pathogenic prokaryotes known c. First to evolve photosynthesis d. Found in most environments e. Beneficial- includes digestion and nitrogen fixation f. Bacteria vs. Humans i. Gohorrhea and syphilis ii. Peptic ulcers iii. Dysentery iv. Typhus v. Tuberculosus vi. Pneumonia vii. Tetanus g. Humans v. Bacteria i. Antibiotics |
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26. Antibiotics
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i. Prevent cell wall formation
ii. Damage the cytoplasmic membrane iii. Interfering with either protein or DNA synthesis iv. Immunization (diphtheria, tetanus are examples) |
