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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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clone |
genetically identical copy of an organism |
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Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) |
reproductive cloning method in which the DNA of an adult donor's body cell is transferred into an unfertilized egg |
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Reproductive Cloning |
any of several laboratory procedures that produce genetically identical animals |
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Differentiation |
process by which cells become specialized during development |
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Hershey and Chase |
Infected bacteria with a virus. Found that the DNA, not the protein passed on the virus. |
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Chargaff's Rules |
The amounts of Thymine and Adenine are identical, as are the amounts of Cytosine and Guanine A=T and G=C the DNA of different species differs in the proportions of Adenine and Guanine |
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if the nucleotide sequence of one strand of DNA is AGTCAGTC what is the nucleotide sequence on the other? |
TCGAGCGA |
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Roslind Franklin |
Discovered structure of DNA by x-ray crystallography |
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Maurice Wilkins |
Experimental evidence of DNA structure. Worked with Franklin. |
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Watson and Crick |
Built the first accurate model of a DNA molecule. |
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DNA |
the molecule of inheritance in all organisms. Made up of a five-carbon sugar, phosphate groups, and a nitrogen containing base. Consists of two nucleotide strands coiled into a double helix. Hydrogen bonding between internally positioned nucleotide bases (A pairs with T, and C pairs with G) hold the two strands together. has a sugar-phosphate backbone |
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What sugar is in DNA |
deoxyribose |
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Nitrogen Bases A G T C |
A-Adenine T-Thymine C-Cytosine G-Guanine |
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Edwin Chargaff |
Found the nitrogen bases. The A&T are equal and paired and the G&C are equal and paired. if you know the % of one of the bases, you can determine the % of all 4 bases |
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How many hydrogen bonds do A&T share? |
2 |
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How many hydrogen bonds do C&G share? |
3 |
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Diploid Number |
Having two of each type of chromosomes characteristic of the species (2N) |
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Karyotype |
image of an individual's complement of chromosomes arranged by size, length, shape, and centromere location |
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Autosome |
a chromosome that is the same for males and females |
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sex chromosome |
23rd pairing. Member of a pair of chromosomes that differ between males and females |
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XY pairing |
male |
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XX pairing |
female |
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mutation |
a permanent change in the nucleotide sequence |
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gene |
a DNA sequence that encodes an RNA of protein product in the sequence of its nucleotide bases (A,T,G,C) |
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Transcription |
enzymes use the gene's DNA sequence as a template to assemble a strand of messenger RNA mRNA |
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translation |
the protein-building information in mRNA is decoded into a sequence of amino acids |
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gene expression |
process by which the information in a gene becomes converted to an RNA or protein product proteins (enzymes) assemble other molecules and perform many functions that keep the cell alive |
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centromere |
of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome, constricted region where sister chromatids attach to each other |
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chromosome |
structure that consists of DNA together with associated proteins. carries part or all of a cell's genetic information |
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chromosome number |
the total number of chromosomes a cell of a given species |
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DNA sequence |
order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA |
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histone |
type of protein that associates with eukaryotic DNA and structurally organizes chromosomes |
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sister chromatids |
the two attached DNA molecules of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome |
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DNA replication |
Process by which a cell duplicates is DNA before it divides |
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DNA polymerase |
enzyme that carries out DNA replication |
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primer |
short, single strand of DNA that base pairs with a specific DNA sequence |
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________ is an example of reproductive cloning a. somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) b. multiple offspring from the same pregnancy c. artificial embryo splitting d. a and c e. all of the above |
d |
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which is not a nucleotide base in DNA? a. adenine b. guanine c. glutamine d. thymine e. cytosine f. all are in DNA |
c
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what are the base-pairing rules for DNA? a. A-G, T-C b. A-C, T-G c. A-T, G-C d. A-A, G-G, C-C, T-T |
c
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Variation in _____ is the base of variation in traits. a. karyotype b. DNA sequence c. the double helix d. chromosome number |
b
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one species' DNA differs from other in its _____. a. nucleotides b. DNA sequence c. double helix d. replication process e. sugar-phosphate backbone f. all of the above |
b
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in eukaryotic chromosomes, DNA wraps around _____. a. histone proteins b. sister chromatids c. centromeres d. nucleotides |
a
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Chromosome number _____. a. refers to a particular chromosome in a cell b. is a characteristic feature of a species c. is the number of autosomes in cells of a given type d. is the same in all species |
b
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Human body cells are diploid, which means they _____. a. are complete b.have two sets of chromosomes c. contain sex chromosomes d. divide to form two cells |
b
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When DNA replication begins, _____. a. the two DNA strands unwind from each other. b. the two DNA strands condense for base transfers. c. old strands move to find new strands d. mutations occur |
a
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DNA replication requires _____. a. DNA polymerase b. nucleotides c. primers d. all are required |
d
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Energy that drives the attachment of a nucleotide to the end of a growing strand of DNA comes from _____. a. phosphate-group transfers from ATP b. DNA polymerase c. the nucleotide itself d. a and c |
c
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after DNA replication, a eukaryotic chromosome _____. a. consists of two sister chromatids b. has a characteristic X shape c. is constricted at the centromere d. all of the above |
d
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Exposure to _____ can lead to mutations a. UV light b. cigarette smoke c. chemicals d. x-rays e. sunlight f. all of the above |
f
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all mutations _____. a. arise from DNA damage b. lead to evolution c. are caused by radiation d. change the DNA sequence |
d
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Match the terms appropriately __ nucleotide a. replication enzyme __ clone b. does not determine sex __ autosome c. copy of an organism __ DNA polymerase d. nitrogen containing base, sugar, phosphate __mutation e. injects DNA __ semiconservative f. can cause cancer replication __ |
d c b a f e g |
