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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The word SCIENCE is derived from Latin and means? |
To know |
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The search for information and explanation |
Inquiry |
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recorder observations or items of information |
Data |
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Descriptions rather than measurements |
Qualitative Data |
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Recorder measurements |
Quantitative Data |
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Draws conclusions through the logical process of induction? |
Inductive Reasoning |
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Inductive reasoning is always linked to? |
Discovery Science Which involves analyzing data and making connections or correlations between natural phenomena. "The sun always rises in the East" |
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A tentative answer to a well framed question -Lead to predictions that can be tested or further observed. |
Hypotheses |
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-Hypotheses are tested through? -Uses general premises to make specific predictions. |
Deductive Reasoning |
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Deductive reasoning often involve…. |
if… then… statements. "If organisms are made of cells and humans are organisms THEN humans are composed of cells" |
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Hypothesis can never be proved, only… Hypothesis must be... |
-Supported. -Testable and falsifiable |
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Steps of the Scientific Method |
1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypotheses 4. Predictions 5. Experiment 6. Measuring results and rethinking. |
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A theory is ________ than a hypotheses and can lead to new testable hypotheses. |
-Broader in Scope -Supported by large body of evidence. -Explains Phenomena Examples "Theory of Natural Selection, Cell Theory and Germ Theory of Disease. |
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Law |
-The Result of repeated observations -Confirmed through inductive reasoning. -Always applies under the same conditions. |
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The process of change that has transformed life on earth. |
Evolution |
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The scientific study of life |
Biology |
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Life is recognized by…..? |
What living things do. |
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Seven Characteristics of Life |
1. Order 2. Regulation 3. Energy Processing 4. Growth and Development 5. Reproduction 6. Response to the environment 7. Evolutionary Adaption. |
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Life's Hierarchy of Organization -Upper Tier |
Biosphere --> Organism |
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All the environments of Earth that support Life |
biosphere |
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all the living and nonliving components of a particular environment |
Ecosystem |
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All the living organisms in an ecosystem |
Community |
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An interacting group of individuals in on species |
Population |
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An individual living entity |
Organism. |
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Middle tier |
Organism, Organ Systems, Organs, Tissues. |
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Lower Tier |
Cells, Organelles, molecules, atoms. |
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"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" The combination of the parts that form a more complex organization is called _______. |
Synergy |
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______ result from arrangement and interaction of parts within a system. |
Emergent Properties. "A bike only functions correctly with all the parts" |
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A system is a combination of components that….. |
form a more complex organization. |
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Constructs models for the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. |
System Biology |
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____ and ____ of living organisms are closely related. |
Structure and Function |
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The lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. |
Cell |
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All cells: |
-Are enclosed by a membrane -Use DNA as their genetic information. |
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Have membrane-enclosed organelles, largest of which is usually the nucleus. |
Eukaryotic cells |
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Are simpler and smaller, and do not contain a nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles. |
Prokaryotic cells |
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Encode information for building proteins? |
Genes |
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DNA is ______ by offspring from their parents |
inherited. |
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Process of converting information from gene to cellular product. |
Gene Expression |
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Energy _____ transforms 100% some is lost as ____. |
-Never -Heat |
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Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as ____ and exiting as ____. |
-Light -Heat |
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Cells are able to coordinate various chemical pathways through a mechanism called? -Allows biological processes to self-regulate |
Feedback |
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As more of product accumulates, the process that makes it slow and less product is made. |
Negative Feedback |
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As more product accumulates the process that makes it speeds it up and more product is made. |
Positive Feedback |
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Organisms are modified…….. |
Descendants of common ancestors. |
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Accounts for the unity and diversity of life? |
Evolution. |
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Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth? |
Taxonomy |
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Broadest units of classification |
Domains followed by Kingdoms. |
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3 Domains |
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya |
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Domains Bacteria and Archaea compose the |
Prokaryotes |
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Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms, and four kingdoms... |
-Plants (produce own food by photosynthesis) -Fungi (absorb nutrients) -Animals (ingest their food) -Protists (unicellular/may produce or ingest own food). |
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Striking unity that underlies the diversity of life? |
DNA is universal genetic language. |
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-Natural Selection -Theory explained the duality of unity and diversity. |
Charles Darwin. |
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Unity in diversity arises from? |
"Descent with modification" |
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Living organisms are subject to basic laws of ____ and _____. |
Physics and Chemisty |
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Organisms are composed of….. |
Matter -Anything that takes up space |
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A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
Chemical |
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A substance consisting of tow or more elements in a fixed ratio. |
Compound -Emergent property. |
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. |
Atom |
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Subatomic particles of atoms |
-Neutrons -Protons (positive) -electrons (negative) |
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Make up 96% of living matter |
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen CHON |
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Form the atomic nucleus |
Neutrons and protons |
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Form cloud around the nucleus |
Electrons |
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____ mass and ____ mass are almost identical |
Proton and Neutron. |
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Number of protons = |
Atomic number |
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Sum of protons plus neutrons = |
Mass number |
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The atoms total mass = mass number = |
Atomic Mass |
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How to determine the number of neutrons in an atom? |
# neutrons = atomic mass- atomic #. |
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Do all carbon atoms have same # of protons? |
Yes |
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Do all carbon atoms have same number of neutrons? |
No |
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Two atoms of same element that differ in number of neutrons. |
Isoptopes |
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Decay spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. |
Radioactive Isotopes. |
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Capacity to cause change |
Energy |
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Energy that matter has because of its location or structure. |
Potential energy |
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Atom's state of potential energy |
Energy level or electron shell. |
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Chemical behavior of atom is determined by distribution of… |
electrons in electron shell |
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Valence Electrons are those on the ____ shell. |
Outermost/ Valence Shell |
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Elements with full valance shells are |
Chemically inert. |
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A _____ consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
Molecule. |
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The notations used to represent atoms and bonding. |
Structural formula/ Molecular Formula |
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A combination of two or more different elements
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Compound |
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Atoms share electrons equally |
non-polar covalent bonds |
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Atoms do not share electrons equally |
Polar covalent bonds |
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Charged atom or molecule |
Ion |
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Pos. charged ion |
Cation |
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Neg. charged ion |
Anion |
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Attraction between anion and cation |
Ionic Bond |
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Most of the strongest bonds in organisms are |
Covalent bonds |
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Weak chemical bonds |
Hydrogen and ionic |
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Forms when hydrogen is polarity covalently bonded to one atom and is also attracted to another atom. |
Hydrogen. |
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Hydrogen-bonding partners are usually |
Oxygen or Nitrogen |
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Attractions between molecules that are close together due to these "hot spots" |
Van der Waals Interactions -Very weak interactions, but large in numbers, these can be strong. |
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The biological medium on earth |
Water |
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Cells are about 70-95% |
Water |
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Polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in |
Hydrogen bonding. |
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Water is a polar molecule. |
Opposite ends have opposite charges, which allows to form hydrogen bonds with each other. |
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Four of waters properties that facilitate an environment for life are |
1. Cohesive behavior 2. Ability to moderate temperature 3. Expansion upon freezing 4. Versatility as a solvent. |
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As a group, hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together
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Cohesion |
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Similar to cohesion, but involves sticking to other substances |
Adhesion |
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Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of liquid |
Surface tension |
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Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1 degree C. |
Specific Heat |
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Water resists changing temperature due to its... |
high specific heat. |
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Waters hight specific heat can be traced to… |
Hydrogen bonding |
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As a liquid evaporates, its remaining surface cools, a process called |
Evaporative Cooling |
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Evaporating cooling of water helps ____ temps in organisms and bodies of water. |
stabilize. |
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ice floats because the hydrogen bonds are more "ordered" making ice |
less dense |
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Liquid that is a homogenous mixture of substances |
Solution |
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Dissolving agent of a solution |
Solvent |
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Substance that is dissolved |
Solute |
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Solution in which water is the solvent |
Aqueous Solution |
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Describes a substance that has affinity for water |
Hydrophobic |
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Does not have an affinity for water |
Hydrophilic |
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The amount of H or OH of a solution is measured using |
pH scale |
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Any substance that increases the H concentration of a solution. |
Acid -have pH values less than 7. |
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Any substance that reduces the H concentration of a solution. |
Base -have pH values greater than 7. |
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Most biological fluids have a pH in the range of 6 to 8. |
Cells maintain internal pH close to 7. |
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Substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H and OH in a solution. |
Buffers |
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The main product of fossil fuel combustion |
CO2 |
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The burning of fossil fuels is also a major source of ____ and ______. |
Sulfer oxides and Nitrogen oxides. |
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Rain, fog or snow with a pH lower than 5.2? |
Acid precipitation |
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Living organisms consist mostly of _____ - based compounds. |
Carbon |
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Most organic compounds contain _____ atoms in addition to carbon atoms. |
Hydrogen |
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Determines the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms |
Electron configuration |
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______ _______ form the skeletons of most organic molecules. They very in length and shape. |
Carbon Chains |
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Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen. |
Hydrocarbons -Release large amounts of energy. |
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Properties of organic molecules depend on_______ _______ and on ________ _______ attached to it.
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-carbon skeleton -molecular components |
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Components of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions. |
Functional Groups -Number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties. |
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The seven functional groups that are most important to chemistry of life.
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1. Hydroxyl Group 2. Carbonyl Group 3. Carboxyl Group 4. Amino Group 5. Methyl Group 6. Phosphate Group 7. Sulfydryl Group |
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All living things are made up of four classes of large biological molecules: |
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
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Long molecule consisting of many smaller building blocks. |
Polymer |
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Small building-block molecules |
Monomers |
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Three of the four classes of life's organic molecules are polymers |
Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids |
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Occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule |
Dehydration Synthesis.
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Polymers are disassembled to monomers by ______, a reaction that is reverse of dehydration reaction |
Hydrolysis. |
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-Serve as fuel and building material -Include sugars and the polymers of sugars -Macromolecules are polysaccharides -Simplest are monosaccharides. |
Carbohydrates |
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Have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CH2O |
Monosaccharieds |
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Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides |
Disaccharides |
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Polymers of sugars |
Polysaccharides |
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Two types of polysaccharides |
Storage --> Stores energy for cells Structural--> Build things for cells. |
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Storage polysaccharides |
-Starch -plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers. -Glycogen -animals, stored in liver and muscle cells. |
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Structural polysaccharides
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-Cellulose -Cell Wall, polymer of glucose. -Chitin -exoskeleton of arthropods. -cell walls of many fungi. |
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Class of large biological molecules that DO NOT form polymers. |
Lipids. |
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Have no affinity for water. They are hydrophobic because they consist of mostly non polar hydrocarbons. |
Lipids |
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Most important lipids |
Fat Phospholipids Steroids |
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Constructed from two types of smaller molecules: Glycerol and fatty acids. |
Fats |
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Three-carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon. |
Glycerol |
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Consist of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton |
Fatty Acid. |
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Fatty acids very in length and in number and location of …. |
Double bonds |
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Fatty acids have max. number of hydrogen atoms possible and NO double bonds. |
Saturated. -Solid at room temperature. -Most animal fats. |
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Have one or more double bonds |
Unsaturated fatty acids -liquid at room temp. -Plant fats and fish fats are unsaturated. |
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Major function of fat is? mammals store their fat in? |
Energy Storage Adipose Tissue |
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Composed of two fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol |
Phospholipids. |
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Lipids having carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. |
Steroids |
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Important steroid, component in animal cell membranes. |
Cholesterol. |
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account for more that 50% of the dry mass of most cells. |
Proteins |
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Protein function |
-Structural Support -Storage -Cellular Communications -Movement -Defense against foreign substances -Enzymes |
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I biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides? |
A Protein |
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Unbranched polymers built from 20 different amino acids? |
Polypeptides |
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Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups and differing side chains. |
Amino Acids. |
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A polymer of amino acids |
Polypeptide |
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Amino Acids are linked by |
Peptide Bonds |
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Determines a protein's 3-dimensional structure? |
Sequence of amino acids. |
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A proteins structure determines its? |
Function |
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The ________ structure of a protein is its unique sequence of amino acids. |
-Primary -Determined by inherited genetic info. (amino acids) |
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Consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. -Results in hydrogen bonds between amino acids. |
Secondary Structure |
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Alpha helix |
Coil |
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Beta pleated sheet |
Folded Structure |
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Determined by interactions between amino acid side chains. |
Tertiary Structure. -include bonds and hydrophobic interactions. |
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Strong covalent bonds that may reinforce the proteins structure |
Disulfide Bridges |
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Results when two ore more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule. |
Quaternary Structure.
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Loss of proteins native structure. |
Denaturation. -Biologically inactive |
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Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.
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Chaperonins |
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Store, transmit and help express hereditary info. |
Nucleic Acids |
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Amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a |
Gene |
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Genes are made of ______, a nucleic acid made of monomers and _______. |
DNA Nucleotides |
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Stores information |
DNA |
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Helps implement instructions |
RNA
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Directs synthesis of messenger RNA, and through mRNA, controls protein synthesis? |
DNA |
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Nucleic acids are polymers called |
Polynucleotides |
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Each polynucleotide are made of monomers called |
Nucleotides |
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Each nucleotide has 3 parts |
-Nitrogen Base -Pentose Sugar -Phosphate groups |
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Two families of nitrogenous bases: |
Pyrimidines Purines |
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Cytosine, thymine (DNA only), and uracil (RNA only) |
Pyrimidines |
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Adenine and guanine |
Purines |
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Sugar: DNA, RNA
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Deoxyribose, ribose |
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RNA molecules usually exist as _____ nucleotide chains. |
Single |
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Basic features of ALL cells |
-Plasma membrane -Semifluid substance called CYTOSOL -Chromosomes (carry genes) -Ribosomes (make proteins) |
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Prokaryotic cells are characterized by halving: |
-No nucleus -DNA in an unbound region called nucloid. -No membrane-bound organelles -Cytosol bound by the plasma membrane. Other structures: flagella, fimbriae, capsule. |
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Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having |
-DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by membraneous nuclear envelope. -Membrane-bound organelles -Cytoplasm between plasma membrane and nucleus. -Much larger than prokaryotic cells. |
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Selective barrier that allow sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and water to enter and exit the cell. |
Plasma Membrane |
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Animal Cells |
-Bounded by plasma membrane alone. -Lack a cell wall -Contain Centrosomes and lysosomes. (absent in plant cells). -Can have flagella. |
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Plant Cells |
-Bound by both a plasma membrane and a rigid cellulose cell wall. -Have central vacuole and chloroplasts -Usually lack centrioles, lysosomes, and flagella. |
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Double membrane that encloses nucleus, separates it from cytoplasm.
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Nuclear Envelope. |
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DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called |
Chromatin. |
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Located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. |
-Nucleolus |
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Made of ribosomal RNA and protein |
Ribosomes |
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Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in two locations: |
-In the cytosol (free ribosomes). -On the outside of ER or nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes). |
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Membrane continuous with nuclear envelope. |
Endoplasmic Reticulum. -Biosynthetic factory. |
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Functions of smooth ER |
-Synthesizes lipids. -Metabolizes carbs -Detoxifies drugs and poisons -Stores calcium ions. |
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Functions of rough ER |
-Has bound ribosomes -Modifies and packages proteins -Distributes transport vesicles, proteins surrounded by membranes. -Is a membrane factory for cell. |
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Shipping and Receiving center. -Consists of flattened membraneous saves called? |
Golgi Apparatus -Cisternae |
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Functions of Golgi Apparatus |
-Modifies products of the ER -Manufactures certain macromolecules -Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles. |
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Membranous sac of digestive enzymes that break down macromolecules found in food and worn out organelles. |
Lysosome. |
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Lysosomal enzymes work best in ______ environment inside the lysosome. |
Acidic. |
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Diverse maintenance compartments |
Vacuole. -Plant or fungal cells. |
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-Tree types of vacuoles |
-Food vacuoles -Contractile vacuoles: found in freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells. -Central vacuoles: found in mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water. |
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Sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that harvests energy from food. |
Mitochondria |
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Found in plants and algae, are sites of photosynthesis, a process to convert light energy into chemical energy. |
Chloroplasts. |
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria: |
-Contain free ribosomes and circular DNA -Grow and reproduce somewhat independently -Enveloped by a double envelope. |
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Mitochondria have a smooth out membrane and an inner membrane folded into |
-Cristae |
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Inner membrane creates two compartments: |
-Intermembrane space -mitochondrial matrix. |
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Chloroplasts contain ______, enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis. |
Chlorophyll. |
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Chlorplasts structures includes: |
-Thylakoids: membranous sacs, stacked to form GRANUM. -Stroma: the internal fluid. |
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Membrane has fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it. |
Fluid Mosaic Model. |
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Affects membrane fluidity. -At ____ temps, it stops phospholipids from moving too much. -At ____ temps, it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing. |
-Cholesterol -High -Low. |
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Six major functions of membrane proteins |
1. Transport 2. Enzymatic activity 3. Signal transduction 4. Cell-cell recognition 5. Intercellular joining 6. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix. |
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Plasma membranes are_______, regulating cell's molecular traffic |
Selectively Permeable |
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Allow passage of certain substances across the membrane. |
Transport Proteins |
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Allow water to move across plasma membrane. |
Aquaporins. |
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Move from an are of high concentration to an area of low concentration. |
Diffusion. |
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Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require energy |
Passive transport. |
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Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane. |
Osmosis. |
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The ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or low water. |
Tonicity. |
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Solute concentration is the same as the inside of the cell. |
Isotonic Solution |
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Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water. |
Hypertonic solution |
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Soluce concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water. |
Hypotonic solution. |
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The control of solute concentrations and water balance. |
Osmoregulation. |
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Transport proteins assis in the passive movement of molecules accross the plasma membrane. |
Facilitated Diffusion. |
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Moves substance against concentration gradient. Requires energy |
Active transport. |
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Used to export bulky molecules, such as proteins or polysaccharides. |
Exocytosis. |
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Is used to import substances useful to the livelihood of the cell. |
Endocytosis. |
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3 Kinds of endocytosis: |
Phagocytosis - engulfing large molecules Pinocytosis - Taking in small molecules. Receptor-mediated endocytosis. |
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Cell Bursting |
Lyse. |