Bio 1 Exam

Front 1

Whose responsibility is it to decide how to use information obtained by scientists?

Back 1

All Citizens/ Society

Front 2

One unique featured of living things

Back 2

The ability to Evolve

Front 3

Haploid Cells

Back 3

Have one copy of genetic info

Front 4

Diploid Cells

Back 4

Have two copies of genetic info

Front 5

Autotrophs

Back 5

Make organics from nonorganics

(Ex: plants)

Front 6

Heterotrophs

Back 6

Consume organics

(Ex: Animals)

Front 7

What do plants have the animals don't on the cellular level?

Back 7

Cell Wall & Chloroplasts

Front 8

Lysosomes are used for:

Back 8

Cellular digestion

(Ex: Waste Disposal)

Front 9

Vacuoles are used for:

Back 9

Storing substances

(Ex: Storage Warehouse)

Front 10

Ribosomes are used for:

Back 10

Protein Synthesis

(Ex: Manufacturing plant - of proteins!)

Front 11

Nucleus is used for:

Back 11

storage of genetic information & synthesis of DNA and RNA

(ex: mayor)

Front 12

Protons have a ___________ charge.

Neutrons have a ___________ charge.

Electrons have a __________ charge.

Back 12

Positive

Neutral

Negative

Front 13

The number above the C is the _____ which corresponds with the number of _______?

Back 13

Atomic Number

Protons

Front 14

The number below the C indicates ________ and is measured by _____________?

Back 14

Atomic Weight

Electrons + Protons

Front 15

Electrons are located on the _____________ of an atom.

Back 15

Outer Shell

Front 16

Ionic Bonds

Back 16

Electrons are transferred

Front 17

Covalent Bonds

Back 17

Electrons are shared

Front 18

What are the unique properties of water?

Back 18

1. High heat capacity

2. High heat vaporization

3. Solvent

4. Cohesive & Adhesive

5. High surface Tension

6. Solid less dense than liquid

Front 19

What makes one element different from another?

Back 19

Number of Protons

Front 20

Name the six elements of life.

Back 20

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Nitrogen

Front 21

An organic molecule contains which two atoms?

Back 21

Carbon & Hydrogen

Front 22

What are the four categories of biomolecules?

Back 22

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, Lipids

Front 23

Organize the following from smallest to largest: Monomer, Atom, electron, molecule, polymer.

Back 23

Electron, Atom, Molecule, Monomer, Polymer

Front 24

Hydrolysis combines molecules by adding a _________.

Back 24

Hydrogen atom

Front 25

Polar bonds share electrons ___________ and are ________.

Back 25

Unevenly; Assymetric

Front 26

What is the difference between glycogen and glucose?

Back 26

Glycogen is a polymer of glucose

Front 27

Why are some people lactose intolerant?

Back 27

They lack the lactase enzyme.

Front 28

Whats the difference between glycogen/starch and cellulose/chitin?

Back 28

Glycogen/ Starch are for long term energy storage by cellulose/chitin have a structural role.

Front 29

Why store glucose as a branched polysaccharide as opposed to a single line?

Back 29

Enzymes break down polysaccharides from the ends. When a polysaccharide is branched, it has more ends allowing the enzymes to break it down quicker and more efficiently.

Front 30

Explain the difference between hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules.

Back 30

Hydrophobic molecules tend to be nonpolar (lipids) while hydrophilic molecules are typically polar and capable to hydrogen bonding.

Front 31

What determines the uniqueness of one protein?

Back 31

R-group

Front 32

All amino acids contain ___________.

Back 32

Nitrogen

Front 33

Name some proteins and what they do.

Back 33

Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions

Collagen/Keratin: lends support to ligaments/tendons/etc.

Hemoglobin: transports O2 and CO2

Cell Membrane channels/ pumps

Front 34

What determines the properties/ function of any particular protein?

Back 34

The shape

Front 35

What is denaturing?

Back 35

Denaturing is unraveling the proteins and is done through a chemical reaction such as cooking with lemon juice or heat.

Front 36

What is the difference between glucagon and glycogen?

Back 36

Glycogen is a polymer of glucose while glucagon is released when blood sugar levels are low.

Front 37

What does insulin do?

Back 37

Inhibit the release of glucose.

Front 38

Explain the difference between osmosis, diffusion, and active transport.

Back 38

Osmosis is the movement of water, diffusion is movement of a substance from high to low concentration, and active transport uses pumps.

Front 39

Describe an example of a when your body uses active transport.

Back 39

Sodium can't diffuse so it uses a sodium pump to enter the cell membrane.

Front 40

What is the function of DNA?

Back 40

To store genetic information

Front 41

What monomer is used to build nucleic acids?

Back 41

nucleotides

Front 42

What are the four monomers of DNA?

Back 42

Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine

Front 43

What are the three parts of each monomer?

Back 43

Phosphate, pentose sugar, Nitrogen base

Front 44

What makes RNA different from DNA?

Back 44

Nucleotides in RNA contain sugar ribose and thymine is replaced with Uracil

Front 45

What two nucleotides are purines?

Back 45

Guanine and Thymine

Front 46

What two nucleotides are pyrimidines?

Back 46

Cytosine and Adenine

Front 47

What did Chargraffs experiment uncover?

Back 47

That percentages of Adenine were equal to Thymine and the same with Cytosine and Guanine.

Front 48

What is the name for the pieces of DNA that comprise a genome?

Back 48

Gene

Front 49

What is a gene?

Back 49

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Front 50

What are the three types of RNA?

Back 50

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

transfer RNA (tRNA)

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Front 51

What biomolecules are ribosomes made of?

Back 51

Proteins and rRNA

Front 52

What is a transgenic organism?

Back 52

One that has been genetically modified.

Front 53

Considering that all cells contain the same DNA, what determines what type of a cell a cell will be?

Back 53

The number of genes of a certain program determines the type of cell.

Front 54

Asexual reproduction happens through ___________.

Back 54

Binary fission

Front 55

Sexual reproduction is important because it results in _________.

Back 55

diversity

Front 56

What was Aristotle's theory of life?

Back 56

Spontaenous generation

Front 57

How did Redi test spontaenous generation?

Back 57

flies, rotting meat, and a cloth

Front 58

Darwin said that ___________.

Back 58

life came from life AKA evolution

Front 59

What are the six elements of life?

Back 59

Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Sulfur, Nitrogen, Phosphorous

Front 60

What is an isotope?

Back 60

An isotope is a variation in the number of neutrons

Front 61

Where are protons and neutrons located?

Back 61

In the nucleus of the atom.

Front 62

What is electronegativity?

Back 62

EN is the propensity of a molecule to "steal" electrons and nitrogen and oxygen are the most EN

Front 63

Polar covalent bonds result in _________.

Back 63

the unequal sharing of electrons and are slightly + and slightly -.

Front 64

Hydrogen bonds are _________.

Back 64

weak and temporary attraction between polar molecules

Front 65

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Back 65

monosaccharides

Front 66

Carbohydrates are made of __________ and __________.

Back 66

Carbon and hydrogen

Front 67

glucose + glucose = maltose

Back 67

c6h12o6 + c6h12o6-h20=c12h22o11

Front 68

Name two functions of polysaccharides.

Back 68

Long term energy storage and structural.

Front 69

What makes glycogen and cellulose different?

Back 69

shape. Up down Up down shape results in structural.

Front 70

How do proteins get tangled?

Back 70

opposites attract, therefore hydrophobic pieces go towards the center and hydrophilic pieces go towards the outside towards water

Front 71

What is DNA?

Back 71

It is a program that determines physical traits, makes everything (ex: proteins), and can be copied

Front 72

What makes nucleotides different?

Back 72

The base (A,C,G,T, or U)

Front 73

DNA is broken into 23 parts called ___________.

Back 73

chromosones

Front 74

What did Watson and Crick discover?

Back 74

They discovered the pairings A-T and C-G and found that it created a double helix.

Front 75

The two strands of DNA run _________.

Back 75

Anti-parallel. One end starts with 3' and the other starts with 5'

Front 76

What is Uracil bad at preserving information?

Back 76

It doesn't solely pair to Adenine and sometimes pairs to guanine, so it's unreliable. It is also delicate and falls apart easily

Front 77

What is a hormone?

Back 77

It is a messenger molecule created in one part of the body that is used in a different part.

Front 78

Where is insulin produced? Where is it used? What does it do?

Back 78

The pancreas

Liver & muscles

Tells liver to turn glucose in glycogen

Front 79

Where is glucagon produced? Where is it used?

Back 79

Pancreas

Liver ONLY

Tells liver to convert glycogen into glucose.

Front 80

Adrenaline is a _____________. What does it do?

Back 80

Neuotransmitter that travels through the blood to muscle. It signals muscle to turn glucose in glycogen.

Front 81

Type I diabetics produce no ___________.

Back 81

Insulin

Front 82

Type II diabetics become _________________.

Back 82

Insensitive to insulin.

Front 83

What are the three types of lipids?

Back 83

triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol.

Front 84

Triglycerides consist of __________.

Back 84

3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol.

Front 85

Whats the difference between fats and oils?

Back 85

Fats are saturated, oils are unsaturated.

Front 86

What does it mean to saturated?

Back 86

Saturated lipids are straight and have a full set of hydrogen bonds.

Front 87

What does it mean to be unsaturated?

Back 87

Unsaturated lipids have a double carbon bond instead of a hydrogen bond and are "kinky". Polyunsaturated means having a lot of double carbon bonds.

Front 88

Which stores more energy: lipids or carbs? Which is easier to access?

Back 88

Lipids have twice as many H-C bonds, however are slower and harder to break down, therefore we mainly use carbs for energy.

Front 89

How do you make a trans fat?

Back 89

Trans fats are made in a laboratory by adding an H molecule to an unsaturated lipid. They are UNHEALTHY.

Front 90

Phospholipids consist of ___________.

Back 90

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.

Front 91

What important feature do phospholipids make?

Back 91

phospholipid bilayer

Front 92

What is found in the phospholipid bilayer besides phospholipids?

Back 92

Proteins (channels and pumps) and cholesterol.

Front 93

You can identify cholesterol by its ________.

Back 93

Four rings

Front 94

What four things does cholesterol make?

Back 94

Vitamin D, sex steroids, corticosteroids, bile

Front 95

Too much cholesterol results in _________.

Back 95

Plaque build up in the arteries

Front 96

How do you test cholesterol levels?

Back 96

By measuring HDL and LDL

Front 97

What does HDL stand for? What does it do?

Back 97

High density lipoprotein. Moves lipids to the liver.

Front 98

What does LDL stand for? What does it do?

Back 98

Low density lipoprotein. Moves lipids away from liver.

Front 99

A healthy level of cholesterol is indicated by __________.

Back 99

Lots of HDL and a small amount of LDL.

Front 100

Lots of plaque in the arteries results in __________.

Back 100

High blood pressure

Front 101

This structure is ______________.

Back 101

cholesterol

Front 102

This structure is a _____________.

Back 102

Nucleic Acid

Front 103

This structure is a ______________.

Back 103

Protein

Front 104

This structure is a ___________.

Back 104

Carbohydrate

Front 105

This structure is a ______________.

Back 105

Phospholipid

Front 106

Define a Dependent variable.

Back 106

A dependent variable is one that is observed and measured.

Front 107

Define Independent Variable

Back 107

An independent variable is the variable that is intentionally changed.

Front 108

Define confounding variable.

Back 108

A confounding variable is a variable that could effect the outcome of the experiment. It is not controlled.

Front 109

Define controlled variable.

Back 109

Controlled variables are factors that could effect the outcome of the experiment that are controlled.

Front 110

How does a proton pump inhibitor work?

Back 110

A proton pump inhibitor stops allowed H+ into the stomach which lowers the amount of acid.

Front 111

Intergenic regions are located where?

Back 111

Between genes

Front 112

DNA replication uses which three products?

Back 112

Helicase, DNA polymerase, and Ligase

Front 113

What does helicase do?

Back 113

Helicase seperates the two strands of DNA.

Front 114

What does DNA polymerase do?

Back 114

DNA polymerase creates the complementary strand of DNA

Front 115

What does ligase do?

Back 115

Ligase fuses the copy strands together.

Front 116

Mitosis is a type of _____________ reproduction.

Back 116

asexual

Front 117

DNA is replicated in sections called ____________.

Back 117

Replication bubbles

Front 118

How does transcription happen?

Back 118

Transcription use RNA polymerase to create mRNA complementary to the DNA strand.

Front 119

How does translation happen?

Back 119

Translation happens when the ribosome decodes the mRNA and connects the corresponding amino acids to become proteins.

Front 120

Which occurs first: translation or transcription?

Back 120

Transcription

Front 121

What type of RNA decodes the mRNA?

Back 121

tRNA

Front 122

How many letters at a time does the ribosome read?

Back 122

3

Front 123

This structure is a ____________.

Back 123

Triglyceride

Front 124

Meiosis is a type of ___________ reproduction.

Back 124

sexual

Front 125

Meiosis results in a __________ cell.

Back 125

Haploid

Front 126

Mitosis results in a ___________ cell.

Back 126

Diploid c

Front 127

A single strand of DNA is held together by what type of bond?

Back 127

Covalent

Front 128

The two strands of DNA are held together by what type of bond?

Back 128

Hydrogen

Front 129

Somatic cells are what type of cells?

Back 129

diploid

Front 130

Germ cells (AKA gametes) are what type of cells?

Back 130

haploid

Front 131

Darwins theory is also called the __________ theory.

Back 131

germ

Front 132

Why is water liquid?

Back 132

Water is liquid because the bonds move and connect to one another because they are polar and opposites attract. nonpolar molecules have no attraction and can't connect.

Front 133

Monosaccharides are good for what type of energy?

Back 133

Short term energy

Front 134

glucose + fructose = ?

Back 134

sucrose

Front 135

glucose + galactose = ?

Back 135

lactose

Front 136

Insoluble fibers cannot be _______.

Back 136

Digested; enzymes cannot break them down.

Front 137

Proteins are useful for what two functions?

Back 137

Transportation and Structural

Front 138

Why is it advantageous to make proteins from mRNA?

Back 138

It is advantageous because you can make multiple copies at once

Front 139

mRNA contains:

Back 139

Instructions on making proteins.