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47 Cards in this Set
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Sporophyte
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a diploid plant that produces haploid spores that make gametophytes. The spores are produced by meiosis
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Gametophyte
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Produces gametes that form sporophytes. The gametes are produced by mitosis.
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bryophyte
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mosses and their relatives; non vascular plants unlike other plants these organisms do not contain vascular tissues, or specialised tissues that conduct water. they can only be a few centimeters tall and absorb water by osmosis. Their reproductive cycle is dependant on water
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rhizoid
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"roots" for mosses. long thin cells that anchor them in the ground and absorbs water and minerals.
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Gemma(S) Gemmae(P)
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small multicellular reproductive structures in liverworts. Used to reproduce asexually.
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protonema
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A young gametophyte that forms a mass of tangled fillaments called protonema. The protonema grows rhiziods that grow into the ground and shoots that grow into the gametophyte moss.
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antheridium(S) Antheridia(P) archegonium(S) Archegonia(P) |
1. Structure that produces sperm with whiplike tails in gametopohyte mosses 2. Structure that produces eggs cells in gametophyte mosses Some species produce both on the same plant. |
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vascular tissue
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Transport system which is specialized to conduct water and nutrients throughout the plant
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tracheid
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Cells specialized to transport water in early plants. They are hollow cells with thick cell walls that resist pressure. They are connected end to end like a series of drinking straws. They allow water to move through a plant more efficiently than diffusion alone
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xylem
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a transport system used to transport water upwards from to roots to the rest of the plant.
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phloem
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a secondary transport system that moves nutrients into the roots for storage.
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lignin
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A substance that makes cell walls rigid, and enables vascular plants to grow upright and reach great heights.
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root
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underground organs that absorb water and minerals. Water-conducting tissues are located at the center of the root.
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leaves
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photosynthetic organs that contain one or more bundles of vascular tissue. This vascular tissue is made of veins of xylem and phloem
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vein
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made of xylem and phloem that is a transport system.
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stem
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supporting structure that connects roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients inbetween them
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rhizome
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underground stems. It is not a root.
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frond
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The large leaf of a fern
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sporangium
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small containers found in clusters called sori underneath the frond
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sorus(S) Sori(P)
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clusters of sporangium found on the bottom side of the frond
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What are the 2 types of seed plants?
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Gymosperms: bear their seeds directly on the surface of cones. Angiosperms: also called flowering plants, bear their seed within a layer of tissue that protects it |
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cone
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Seed bearing structures of gymnosperms.
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flower
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seed bearing structures of angiosperms.
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pollen grain
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In seed plants the entire male gametophyte is contained in this tiny structure.
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pollination
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The process in which pollen is carried by wind, insects or alternative methods to the female reproductive structures.
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seed
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an embryo of a plant that is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by food.
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embryo
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an organism in its early stages of development. In plants the embryo is diploid and is the early stage for the sporophyte.
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seed coat
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protects the embryo and keeps the content of the seed from drying out.
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fruit
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a wall of tissue surrounding the seed.
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monocot
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only contains one cotyledon
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dicot
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contains 2 cotyledon
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cotyledon
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the first leaf or the first piar of leaves produced by the embryo of the plant.
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annual
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Have a life cycle in one growth season
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biennial
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In the first year they grow short stems and sometimes leaves. during the second year they produce flowers and seeds. they die after they produce flowers.
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perennial
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can live through many years. some have herbacious stems that die and regrow the next year.
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diecious
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(of a plant or invertebrate animal) having the male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals.
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saprobe
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an organism that gets its nourishment from inorganic or decaying organic matter
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What are the different types of bryophytes and what phylum do they belong to?
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Liverworts : Hepaticophyta Hornworts : Anthocerophyta |
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Describe the lifecycles of bryophytes
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The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the bryophyte lifecycle and carries out the most photosynthesis. The gametophytes for male and female structures called "antheridia(male)" and "archegonia(female)". sexual reproduction is water dependant. Once a zygote forms a sporophyte grows out of the gametophyte from the zygote. The sporophyte matures and grows spores that will spread and grow new gametophytes.
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What are the uses of sphagnum mosses?
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acts as a natural sponge and when dead forms peat, which can be burnt for fuel or added to gardens to increase the water retention of the soil. It is very acidic.
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What are the three types of seedless vascular plants and what phylum do they belong to?
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Club mosses : Lycophyta Horsetails : arthophyta Ferns : Pterophyta |
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club mosses
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Phylum lycophyta. ancient club mosses grew into huge trees up to 35 meters tall. some produces huge forests that are now huge beds of coal. Club mosses now live in moist forests. Genus lycopodium looks like miniature pine trees and are called "ground pines" |
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Horsetails
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Phylum Arthophyta. The only living genus of this phylum is "equisetum".
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Life cycle of fern and phylum
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Phylum: pterophyta it has a diploid sporophyte stage and a haploid gametophyte stage. The sporophyte stage is the dominant form, and produces spores that make gametophytes. The gametophytes need water to reproduce, and the antheridia and archegonia are found on the underside of the gametophyte. |
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what are the four types of gymnosperms
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Gnetophytes cycads ginkgoes (only contains 1 species "ginkobiloba" conifers |
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woody and herbaceous plant charactarisation
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woody plants are more woody. Herbacrous plants never grow any wood despite its size.
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