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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Organism
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a living thing
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Biology
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the science of life
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Differentation
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The process by which cells become different from each other as they multiplied and followed their genetic instructions
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Unicelluelar Organism
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a single cell organism
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Multicellular Organism
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an organism containing many cells
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Homeostasis
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a stable level of internal conditions
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Natural Selection
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the theory that organisms have certain favorable traits to help them survive
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Autotrophs
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organisms that obtain their energy by making their own food
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Heterotrophs
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organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs
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Atom
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the simplest part of an element that retains all properties of that element
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Nucleus
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the central core of all atoms that contains the protons and neutrons
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Proton
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a particle of an atom with a positive electrical charge
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Neutron
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a particle of an atom with no electrical charge
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Electron
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a particle of an atom with a negative electrical charge
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons in an atom
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Compound
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a pure substance that is made up of to or more atoms
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Bonds
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attachments
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Covalent Bond
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when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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ionic bond
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when electrons are exchanged between two atoms
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Molecule
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the simplest part of a substance that retains all properties of that substance and can exist in a free state
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Ion
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an atom or molecule with an electrical charge
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Energy
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the ability to do work
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Free energy
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the energy in a system that is available for work
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Reactants
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substances that undergo reactions to form a product
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Product
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the end result of the reactants
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Exergonic Reactions
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chemical reactions that involve a net release of free energy
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Endergonic
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chemical reactions that involve a net absorbtion of free energy
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Activation Energy
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the energy needed to start a reaction
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catalysts
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chemical substances that reduce the activation energy needed for a reaction
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Enzyme
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the most common type of catalysts
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Reduction-Oxidtaion Reaction
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(Redox Reaction) When oxidation and reduction reactions take place
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Oxidation Reaction
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a reaction in which the reactant loses one or more electrons, thus becoming more positive in charge
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Reduction Reaction
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a reaction in which the reactant gains one or more electrons, thus becoming more negative in charge
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Solution
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a mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance
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Solute
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the substance dissolved in the solution
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Solvent
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the substance in which the solute is dissolved
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Saturated Solution
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a solution in which no more solute can be dissolved
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Aqueous Solutions
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solutions in which water is the solvent
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Dissociation
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the breaking apart of a water molecule into two ions of the opposite charge
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Hydroxide Ion
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OH-
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Hydroniam Ion
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H+
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Acid
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a solution in which the number of Hydronium ions is greater than the number of hydroxide ions
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Base(Alkaline)
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a solution in which the number of hydroxide ions is greater than the number of hydronium ions
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pH scale
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a scale for comparing the relative concentrations of hydronium and and hydroxide ions in a solution
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Buffers
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chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base
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Polar Compound
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a compound that has an uneven pattern of charge
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Hydrogen Bond
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the type of attraction that holds two water molecules together
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Cohesion
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an attractive force between particles of the same kind
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Adhesion
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an attractice force between unlike substances
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Capillarity
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the ability of water to move upward through narrow tubes against the force of gravity
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Organic Compounds
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compounds that contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other carbons atoms and elements
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Functunal Groups
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clusters of atoms
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alcohol
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an organic compound with a hydroxyl group attached to one of its carbon atoms
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Monomers
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simple molecules that create larger molecules
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Polymers
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repeated, linked units of monomers
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Macromolecules
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large polymers
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Condensation Reaction
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a chemical reaction that links monomers to form polymers
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Hydrolysis
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the breakdown of complex molecules, such as polymers
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ATP
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the form of energy that cells use
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Carbohydrates
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organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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Monosaccharide
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the monomer of a carbohydrate
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Isomers
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compounds that share a single chemical formula but have different forms
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Disaccharide
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two monosaccharides linked through a condensation reaction
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Polysaccharide
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a complex molecule composed of three of more monosaccharides
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Proteins
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organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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Amino Acid
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the monomer of proteins
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Dipeptide
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two amino acids combined through a condenstation reaction
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Peptide Bond
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the covalent bond that is formed through the condensation reaction of two amino acids
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Polypeptide
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a long chain of amino acids
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Substrate
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the reactant being catalyzed by an enzyme
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Lipids
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large, nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water
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Fatty Acids
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unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids
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Hydrophillic
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the attraction of polar molecules to water (water loving)
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Hydrophobic
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the non-interaction of non-polar molecules to water (water fearing)
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Triglyceride
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three molecules of fatty-acid joined to one molecule of alcohol glyceride
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Phospholipids
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two fatty-acids joined by a molecule of glycerol
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Wax
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a long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain
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Steroid
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a lipid composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them
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Nucleic Acids
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very large and complex organic molecules that store important information in the cell
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Nucleotide
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the monomer of nucleic acids
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RNA
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a nucleic acid that stores and transfers information that is essential for the manufactoring of proteins
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DNA
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a nucleic acid that contains information that is essential for almost all cell activities
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Cell
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the smallest unit of matter that can carry on all of the processes of life
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Cell Theory
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1) All living things are composed of cells
2)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism 3)Cells only come from other cells |
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Organelles
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a cell component that performs specific functions for the cell
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Cell Membrane
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the membrane that surrounds cells
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Nucleus
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the large organelle in the center of a cell that contains the majority of the cell's genetic information and directs most of the cell's activities
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Eukaryotes
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organisms whose cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
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Prokaryotes
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organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other organelles
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Selectively Permeable
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the ability of letting only some substances cross a boundary
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Peripheral Proteins
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proteins that are attached to the surface of the cell membrane
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Integral Proteins
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proteins that are embedded in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane
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Cytoplasm
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the combination of cytosol and the organelles of the cell
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Cytosol
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the gelatin-like aqueous fluid inside of a cell
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Mitochondria
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the site of chemical reactions that transfer energy from organic compunds to ATP
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Cristae
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the many folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondria
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Ribosomes
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the most numerous organelles that are made of RNA and protein and are used for the synthesis of proteins
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Enodoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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the cell's system of membraneous tubules and sacs
1)rough-covered with ribosomes 2)smooth-lacks ribosomes |
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Golgi Apparatus
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the processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell
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Lysosomes
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small, spherical organelles that destroy and digest substances
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Cytoskeleton
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a network of long protein strands located in the cytosol
1)microfilaments 2)microtubules |
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Cilia and Flagella
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Small hairlike organelles that extend from the surface of the cell and assist in movement
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Chromatin
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a combination of DNA and protein located in the nucleus of the cell
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Nucleolus
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the site of protein synthesis located in the nucleus of the cell
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Cell Wall
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the rigid and tough wall surrounding plant cells
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Chloroplasts
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the organelle in plant cells in which the energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy (food)
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Thylakoids
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a system of flattened, membraneous sacs located in chloroplasts
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Passive Transport
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the movement of substances across a membrane without the use of energy
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Diffusion
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the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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Concentration Gradient
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the difference in the concentration of molecules across a space
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Equilibrium
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when the concentration of molecules is the same throughout a space
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water
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Hypotonic
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when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is lower than the concentration in the cytosol
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Hypertonic
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when the concentration of solute molecules outside the cell is higher than the concentration in the cytosol
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Isotonic
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when the concentration of solutes outside and inside the cell are equal
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Contractile Vacuoles
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organelles that remove water from cells
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Turgor Pressure
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the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
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Plasmolysis
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the shrinking of plant cells due to a hypertonic solution
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Cytolysis
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the bursting of cells do to a hypotonic solution
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Facilitated Diffusion
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the movement of molecules across a membrane using carrier proteins
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Carrier Proteins
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proteins that assist in facilitated diffusion
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Ion Channels
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small passagways that allow ions to cross the cell membrane
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Active Transport
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the movement of cells up their concentration gradient using energy
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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a pump used in facilitated diffusion to allow sodium and potassium to cross the cell membrane
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Endocytosis
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the process by which cells ingest external substances
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Vesicle
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pouches that are used to move substances in the cell
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Pinocytosis
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endocytosis that involves the movement of solutes or fluids
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Phagocytosis
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endocytosis that involves the movement of large particles or whole cells
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Exocytosis
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the reverse of endocytosis, used to release particles from the cell
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Photosynthesis
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the process by which light energy is taken and stored within organic compounds
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Biochemical Pathway
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a series of linked reactions
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Grana
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stacks of thylakoids
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Stroma
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the solution surrounding the thylakoids of chloroplasts
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Pigment
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a compound that absorbs light
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Chlorophyll
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the most important pigments used in photosynthesis
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Accessory Pigments
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pigments that assist other pigments in capturing light
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Photosystem
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a cluster of pigment molecules
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
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a series of molecules that transfer electrons to each other
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NADP+
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an organic molecule that accepts electrons during the redox reactions of photosynthesis
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Chemiosmosis
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the synthesis of ATP
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The Calvin Cycle
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the bonding of carbon atoms from CO2 into organic compounds during photosynthesis
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Carbon Fixation
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the incorporation of CO2 into organic compounds
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Cellular Respiration
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the complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
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Glycolysis
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a biochemical pathway that braks down glucose into two pyruvates and yields some ATP
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Anaerobic Pathways
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pathways that occur in the absence of oxygen
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Aerobic Pathways
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pathways that occur in the presence of oxygen
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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where the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid
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Cellular Respiration
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the complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
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Glycolysis
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a biochemical pathway that braks down glucose into two pyruvates and yields some ATP
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Anaerobic Pathways
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pathways that occur in the absence of oxygen
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Aerobic Pathways
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pathways that occur in the presence of oxygen
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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where the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into lactic acid
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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where the pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2
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Mitochondrial Matrix
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the space inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
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The Krebs Cycle
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a biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA, producing CO2, hydrogen atoms, and ATP
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