• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/319

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

319 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
I. Bilingual Education: History & Research
1) 1)Understands the historical backgroundof bilingual education in the United States.
2)Understands convergent research related to bilingual education.
3)Demonstrates an awareness of global issues and perspectives
Development of U.S. Bilingual Education
• Languages other than
English have been both tolerated and suppressed.
• Ovando (2003) characterized the historical development
of bilingual education in the U.S.
– Permissive
– Restrictive
– Opportunist
– Dismissive
The Permissive Period
(1700s-1880s)
• Before the European arrival, the Americas had a huge
number of indigenous languages.
• Both public and private schools had bilingual or non-English
instruction.
The Restrictive Period
(1880s-1960s)
• The number of immigrants increased dramatically
• This led to widespread xenophobia and calls for
immigrant assimilation.
• An anti-German feeling swept over the country with U.S. entry into World War I. Speaking German was considered “un-
American.”
• By 1923, 34 state legislatures had passed laws for English only instruction in schools.
The Opportunist Period
(1960s-1980s)
• 1958: The National Defense and Education
Act promoted foreign language learning in
elementary, high schools and universities.
•1964: The Civil Rights Act-less negative attitudes towards
ethnic groups and their languages.
The Opportunist Period (continued)

1968: The Bilingual Education Act
(Title VII of the Elementary & Secondary Education Act) provided funding to establish bilingual
education programs for LEP (Limited English Proficient)/NES (Non-
English Speaking) students.
The Opportunist Period (continued)

1974: Equal Educational Opportunity
“No state shall deny equal educational opportunity to an individual on
account of his or her race, color, sex, or national origin, by…the failure
of an educational agency to take appropriate action to overcome
language barriers that impede equal participation by its students in its
instructional programs.”
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
• Considered the most important court case related to
bilingual/ESL education. Lawsuit representing 1,800 Chinese students in San Francisco in 1974.
• The lawsuit alleged discrimination on the grounds that students could not understand the instruction provided by their English-speaking teachers.
Lau v. Nichols (1974)
• Using the 1964 Civil Rights Act as the basis of their decision, the Supreme Court unanimously decided that equal treatment of English-speaking students and English language learners
(ELLs) did not constitute equal educational opportunity, and thus violated the ELLs’ civil rights.
Significance: Lau v. Nichols defined the legal responsibility
of schools to provide a “meaningful education” for students of limited English proficiency.
Castañeda v. Pickard (1981)
Considered the second most important court decision for
bilingual/ESL education, Castañeda v. Pickard was a lawsuit brought against the school district in Raymondville, Texas, on the grounds that ELLs’ civil rights had been violated under the Equal Educational Opportunity Act.
Castañeda v. Pickard (1981)
In its decision, the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals articulated
guidelines to determine whether schools were providing the
“meaningful education” mandated by Lau v. Nichols (1974).
• These guidelines became known as the “Castañeda test.”
The “Castañeda Test”
The 3-step test (established by the 5th Circuit Court of
Appeals) for determining whether school districts were
taking “appropriate action” in programs serving ELLs:
1. Program must be based on sound educational theory.
2. Program must make use of adequate personnel and
resources.
3. Program must reflect sound practices and results, not
only in language but also in the content areas (math,
science, social studies).
The Dismissive Period
(1980s-Present)
• Political opposition to bilingual education was evident as English only
• 1998: California voters approved Proposition 227, which made English the primary language of instruction and bilingual education programs.
• 2002: No Child Left Behind (reauthorization of the ESEA)
eliminated references to bilingual education found in Title VII of the previous ESEA.
No Child Left Behind (NCLB), 2002
• The focus is promoting English acquisition
and academic achievement in the content areas.
• Authorizes programs for students with limited
English proficiency (LEP students) under Title III
(replacing Title VII).
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
BILINGUAL/ESL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Key Ideas
The U.S. has a history of multilingualism, and political climate has shaped the country’s reaction to languages other than English.
• Legislative and judicial responses to bilingual education in the U.S. have evolved in reaction to social changes (ex. immigration).
• Permissive
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
BILINGUAL/ESL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES

Key Ideas
• Major laws related to bilingual education include:
– National Defense and Education Act (1958)
– 1964 Civil Rights Act
– Bilingual Education Act (1968)
– Equal Educational Opportunity Act (1974)
– No Child Left Behind (2002)
II. Bilingual Program Models
1) Knows models of bilingual education.
2) Understands the importance of creating an additive educational program.
3)Uses knowledge to make appropriate instructional decisions.
What is the difference between Bilingual and ESL Programs?
Bilingual programs:
–provide instruction in both the students‘ native language and the 2nd language
–utilize the native language to make content area instruction comprehensiblewhile the child is acquiring the 2nd language
–include ESL as an integral component
–educate students who share the same native language
What is the difference between Bilingual and ESL Programs?
ESL programs:
–use English as the primary language of instruction
–utilize ESL methodology and ESL instructional strategies to teach the English language and content.
–educate students from multiple language backgrounds
What is the difference between Bilingual and ESL Programs?
Both Programs:
1.Include instruction in English language (ESL)
2.Use 2nd language teaching strategies
3.Aim for students to master English
4.Aim for students to master grade-level content and skills
5.TEKS-based instruction
What type of program does a district need? Bilingual or ESL?
ESL Program:
•The magic number is 1!
•If a district has at least 1LEP student, then the district must provide an ESL program.
What type of program does a district need? Bilingual or ESL?
Bilingual Program:
•The magic number is 20!
•If a district has 20LEP students who
–Have a common native language
–Are in the same grade level, district-wide
Bilingual Program Models
•Two-Way Immersion (Dual Language) Program
–An Additive Model: The goal of the program is to foster bilingual, biliterate, and bicultural students, both native-English speakers and native-Spanish speakers.
Bilingual Program Models
•Developmental (late-exit) Bilingual Education
–A Semi-Additive Model: The goal of the program is to maintain the home language through elementary school while the student acquires English.
Bilingual Program Models
•Transitional (early-exit) Bilingual Education
–A Subtractive Model: The goal of the program is to begin the student‘s education in the home language, and the student transitions to all-English instruction ASAP. Home language maintenance is not a goal of this type of program.
ModelsESL Program Models
•Pull-Out ESL
–Students leave their English-only classroom to spend part of day with ESL instruction; the least effectivemodel according to research findings.
ModelsESL Program Models
ESL as a scheduled class period
–Most often used at the middle school level; a de factopull-out program because ESL takes the place of one of the student‘s electives.
ModelsESL Program Models
ESOL (English to Speakers of Other Languages) I and II
–High school ESL courses that consist of the content of English I and II taught using in ESL methods.
•Notes:
–Immigrant students may substitute ESOL I and II for English I and II on their graduation plan.
–These students must also take and pass English III and IV for graduation credit.
English as a Second Language (ESL) Programs
Elementary Self-Contained ESL
–ESL students are assigned to an elementary classroom in which the teacher is ESL certified; class may consist entirely of LEP students or may be a mix of LEP students and English-proficient students.
English as a Second Language (ESL) Programs
Sheltered English or Content Based ESL
–Both content objectives and language objectives are taught simultaneously through the careful selection of teaching strategies and instructional activities.
English as a Second Language (ESL) Programs
Newcomer Programs
–Programs specifically designed to meet the needs of recently-arrived immigrant students; designs vary depending on students‘ needs but usually include intensive immersion in English and sheltered content instruction.
Factors Determining the Nature of a Program on a Campus
•Number and home languages of LEP students
•Remedial or enrichment view?
•Geographic location of school
•Socioculturalenvironment of school and community
SOCIOCULTURAL
ENVIRONMENT
Additive vs. Subtractive
Additive vs. Subtractive
•An additivebilingual environment supports of both languages.
–Students add a language to their linguistic repertoire.
•A subtractivebilingual environment develops one language at the expense of the other language.
–L2 has more prestige than L1.
–As skills in the prestigious language are developed, students may begin to lose their home language.
Acculturation
•Definition:
a process by which one cultural group takes on and incorporates 1 or more cultural traits of another group, resulting in new or blended cultural patterns
•Does not mean the loss of original cultural identity
•A person who has undergone acculturation has the ability to interact and function in 2 or more cultural systems.
Assimilation
•Definition:
a process in which an individual or group completely takes on the traits of another culture, leaving behind the original identity
•A subtractive process
•Individual‘s original cultural patterns are replaced by new cultural patterns
Biculturalism
•The capacity to negotiate effectively within 2 different cultural systems
•The person may not allot equal time to both cultures.
•Person may understand traits or rituals of one culture, but may not act them out (e.g. religious rituals or family traditions).
•Individuals may develop ―a ‗situational ethnicity‘—a range of types of bicultural behavior that vary in their emphasis on minority cultural patterns and majority cultural patterns‖
Fostering Biculturalism
Significant reference groups or role models (teachers, classmates) from majority culture who esteem the minority culture
•Significant reference groups or role models from minority culture (parents, peers, older siblings) who esteem the majority culture
•Participation in social settings (home, school, church, social groups) that integrate elements from both cultures
Program Models
Key Ideas
•Bilingual Programs
–provide instruction in both the students‘ native language and the second language
–include ESL as an integral component
Program Models
Key Ideas
•For ELLs‘long-term academic success, programs should:
–provide instruction of cognitively demanding grade-level content in both L1 and L2
–provide an additive language acquisition (bilingual and bicultural) environment
•For long-term academic achievement:
–Pull-out ESL is the least effective model.
–Two-way Bilingual Immersion is the most effective.
A bilingual education lesson plan which compares attitudes, values, and language patterns from the L1 country to the L2 country may be described as taking...
An acculturative approach to language learning.
the best way in which multicultural narrative literature might be used as a touchstone to language learning.
Pointing out and explaining the meaning of cultural symbols found in narrative literature.
the following best describes the energy changes that occur when a stopped internal combustion vehicle begins to move?
Chemical energy is converted to thermal energy, which is converted to mechanical energy.
Describe a strategy that can supplement and compensate for the weaknesses in phonetic techniques in English Language Learning.
Begin with a list of easy spelling words using common phonemes and digraphs based on each easy reader text, and work up to more difficult words.
social studies content might best be used to engage ELLs in the acculturation process.
The American Colonial period and current immigration laws.
How can the non-verbal communication of art be used to explore cultural diversity in the bilingual classroom?
Use the light board for a sequential pictorial presentation of different historical artistic periods, and discuss similarities within the art of different countries and cultures.
How could a classroom mathematics teacher counter the argument that teaching mathematics provides no cultural learning opportunities?
By creating a lesson plan that compares percentage and fractional costs of blue jeans and athletic shoes in various countries, followed by a lesson in converting currency exchange rates.
A standard tool of reading assessment for beginning readers requires that the teacher do which of the following?
Record the number of errors per minute as the child reads from a grade-level passage.
A bilingual physical education teacher giving instruction on the technique of the 100 meter hurdles uses three teaching techniques: oral instruction, showing films, and then letting each student first examine and then attempt a short series of low hurdles. Which of the following best describes this teacher?
The bilingual teacher is cognizant of auditory, visual, and tactile learning styles.
In comparing program types, the differences between a Transitional Bilingual ELL program and a Supportive Role Bilingual ELL program are:
Transitional Bilingual ELLs use L1 languages in core subjects but attempts to quickly transition to the target language (L2) while the Supportive Role uses the native language sparingly.
stages of spelling
children can dictate the story to teachers until they feel comfortable enough to write it on thier own.
invented spelling
Stage of spelling: child connects the sounds phonemes and the letters to create words resulting in non-standard writing.
transitional spelling
Stage of spelling: begin noticing visual clues, and developing a knowledge of word structure, sight word training becomes very important at this stage. Students attempt self-corection, some students might still have problems with book and feed and words containg digraphs.
conventional spelling
Stage of spelling: they still have problems with consonant digraphs, homonyms, contractions,compound words, as well as prefixes, suffixes, and more difficult letter combinations
characteristics of emerging writers
are able to dictate an idea or a complete story, use initial sounds in their writing, use pictures, scribbles and symbols, understand that writing symbolizes speech.
early writers
understand that a written message remains the same each time it is read, utilize their knowledge of sounds and letters, incorporate feedback in revising and editing with assistance and modeling.
newly fluent writers
use prewriting strategies to achieve their purposes, address a topic or write to prompt creativity and independently, organize writing to include , beginning, middle and end, revise and edit work independently
Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System
What does TELPAS stand for:
Texas Observation Protocol
What does TOP stand for:
Reading Proficiency Test in English
What does RPTE stand for:
connotation
implies meaning
denotation
literal meanings
digraphs
two letters that represent one speech sound, such as "ch" for /ch/ in chin or "ea" for /e/ in bread.
idioms
words and phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words
non-traditional backgrounds without prior schooling
traditionally , newcomer programs are designed to address the language and cultural needs of students from
The common underlying proficiency
the theory that best describes how the bilingual child organizes information in the brain is
LAU vs. Nochols case
it empowered the office of civil rights (OCR) to force school districts to provide better education to linguistic minority students.
Social and psychological distance between the two groups
The language acquisition process is affected by at least three variables:
sociocultural factors, language development, and academic development. identify the most important sociocultural factors that can affect the acquistion of a second language in the u.s.
Semantic mapping
the purpose of this is to identify critical features of a given concept
4th
What grade does the state curriculum officially introduce children to Texas history?
Iraq
Identifies the modern-day country that encompasses most of the territory of ancient Mesopotamia.
promotes self-directed learning for ESL students
in activities designed to polish the English pronunciation of advanced students record their speech electronically and allow suficient time for them to evaluate thier own performance.This identifies the most appropriate evaluation technique that.
identify the statement that best describes the value of portfolio assessment, provides students with a sense of:
ownership and participation
effective assessment practices
they are child centered , ongoing, and collected as part of daily instruction.
TPRI and RPTE
the first one assesses reading development for english dominant students in grades k-2 and the 2nd does the same for ELLS in grades 3 and up.
a series of connected pictures representing events in the story
leads to introducing sequencing and the story structure
porfolio assessment
document progress toward language and content mastery.
threshold level of l1 advantage
they possess the foundation in l1 needed to transfer to l2
student-centered approach
in comunication activities guide children to imitate the cultural and language patterns of native english speakers in Language Arts for ELLs.
sheltered english
using visuals and hands-on activities and contextualizing instruction to ensure comprehension
humanistic psychology approach
teachers who follow student centered models practice
the preview review approach
L1 is used to introduce the content and to summarize instruction delivered in L2
learning logs
guide students to synthesize the content learned in class and identify areas in need of further support.
the relationship between the 8 social studies strands and the teks in the implementation of the texas curriculum
the social studies teks have been used as a foundation for the development of the state curriculum
the concept of the meridians of longitude
to apply the concept of time zones , students need to have a clear understanding of
tigris and euphrates
the sumerians ,akkadians, babylonians and assyrians were some of the civilizations that flourished in mesopotamia- the land between the rivers
middle ages
the feudal system and the crusades
Maya and Aztecs
the most advanced precolumbian civilizations of mesoamerica were the..
iraq
it is a muslim nation with multiple ehnic groups within its borders
summer
if in the united states we are enjoying a warm winter, what season are the people of beazil having?
the 15th amendment was ratified in 1870 to grant
black men the right to vote
90%
Instructional level is what percentage:
Add and keep negative sign
What would you do in a problem like this: (-36)-11
2
how many lines of symmetry do all nonsquare rectangles have
kindergarten
the earliest that teachers can introduce mathmatics reasoning to children is in
art education
TEKs requires teachers to address: perception, creative expressions, historical and cultural heritage , and critical evaluation in:
muralist
diego rivera, jose clemente oroxco, and davis siquieros are some of the best representatives
Pablo Picasso
identify the painter that best represents the cubism art movement
value
This concept as an element of art describes the use of light to represent the mood of an artist
pitch
the relative high and low of musical sound is
Fine motor skills
If a child can button a shirt, this is a:
1-2
Children can walk or skip in what grades:
Elevation
the e in the acronym rice a treatment process for sprains represents
Locomotor skill
If a child is hopping, this is a:
50
what percentage of a daiily diet should be composed of carbohydrates
Physical activity
metal spoon on an open flame it got hot, what scentific principle represents this type of energy transfer
conduction
vinegar is composed of two substances the combination is a:
Monera
which kingdom contain prokaryotic cells
Animal Kingdom
Corals belong to what kingdom:
symbiotic
certain organisms exchange services with other organisms.
earths atmosphere
Has the function to protect and preserve life
earthquakes
Caused by the movement of continental plates
monera, protista, fungi, plants, and animals
living things are classified into five groups:
5th
what grade of social studies: US history.
6th
what grade of social studies: people and places of the contemporary world
latitude and longitude
are covered in 4th grade and up
inquiry
involves the ability to design and conduct investigations, which requires students to develop an understanding of key information in social studies content
Considerate lecturer
distributes fill in the blanks for ELLs
Jigsaw
Group: collaborative groups provide support in reading and study.
Ancient world
Timeline of: Alexander the great rules the world, homo sapiens appear in various regions in the world,the Sumerians of Mesopotamia invent writing and the wheel.
Middle Ages
Timeline of: Teotihuacan civilization flourishes in Mexico, Marco Polo travels to China from Italy, foundation of Ming Dynasty in China.
Mayans
developed an elaborate calender, a system of writing, and the mathmatical concept of zero
Zapotecas, Olmecas, Toltecas
they developed a partly alphabetic writing system, and left codices describing their history, religion, and daily events.
Aztecs
built the city of Tenochtitlan
Incas
built a well developed political system, they also built a monumental road sysytem to unify thier empire
Anasazi
built the cliff dwellings at mesa verde colorado during the fourtienth and fiftienth century
Pueblo Indians
managed to survive the Spanish conquest and colonization period
Spaniards
established the first successful European colony in North America near Jacksonville, Florida.
London company
first to exercise the patent
First English colony
the London company established Jamestown, Virginia, the leader was captain John Smith
Puritans
founded Plymouth in Massachusetts, they wrote the Mayflower compact, which established the first type of goverment in North American colonies.
New Hampshire
started as a proprietorship but eventually became a royal colony.
New Jersey
Founded by Dutch; it became a royal colony.
Charter colonies
Georgia, and South Carolina
corporate colonies
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Delaware
proprietorship colonies
New Hampshire, Maryland, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey
Declaration of independence
consists of preamble followed by three parts
14th
amendment that gave citizenship to blacks
The Dutch
brought the first African Americans to Virgina in 1619 to work on plantations
Cotton
economic mainstay of the south with the invention of Eli Whineys cotton gin.
Monroe Doctrine
made clear to European countries, the US was not going to permit the establishment of colonies in the western hemisphere.
13th
amendment that freed all the slaves, declared all persons born in the US were citizens
1st
what part of the declaration of independence: stresses natural unalienable rights and liberties that belong to all people from birth.
2nd
what part of the declaration of independence: consists of a list of specific grievences and injustices committed by Britain.
3rd
what part of the declaration of independence: Announces the colonies as the united states of america.
1619
What year were the first African Americans brought to Virginia to work on plantations?
Plyer vs. Doe
case in 1982 that the federal government guarantees free public education for children of undocumented parents
staar and a language proficency test
assessment instruments used to determine causes for admission to or dismissal from the states bilingual education program
the baker and kanter study
Study: key elements that promoted the development of the structured immersion program
beginning stage of language development
total physical response (TPR) is a method used to address the linguistic needs of students at the
Creole
native language of a large number of people
emergent literacy
identifies the concept that best explains the literacy development that some pre-school children experience prior to formal instruction
Kindergarden
What grade of Social Studies begins with: patriotic holidays and the contribution of historical characters,home and families
1st
What grade of Social Studies begins with: Anthems and mottoes of Texas and the US,the concept of chronology
2nd
What grade of Social Studies begins with: impact of significant individuals and events in the history of the community, state and nation, functions of goverment and services that it provides
3rd
What grade of Social Studies begins with:past and present heroes and their contributionsm, economic, cultural, and scientific contributions made by individuals.
4th
What grade of Social Studies begins with: native americans in Texas and the western hemisphere, European exploration
checks and balances
u.s constitution was designed so that no single branch of the goverment- executive, judicial or legislative -could exert full control over the other 2, this unique feature of the constitution is known as
grapheme-phoneme correspondence
advantages to using a chart to teach pronunciation the students become aware of the words that follow this correspondence and those that do not.
one syllable and three phonemes
identify the number of syllables and the number of phonemes in the word "thought"
phonological awareness
a student that has problems seperating words into syllables and identifying the syllable with the primary stress, this student needs additional support with
phonological awareness
being able to seperate the word into syllables and identify the main stress in each word
miscues of reading
variation that occurs when children try to decode and guess the meaning of printed words.
vocabulary development
flash cards concrete objects are strategies that parents can use with preschool children to promote:
vocabulary development for ells
Strategy that teaches content vocabulary through direct, concrete experience as opposed to definitions
colloquial expression
"goodbye and drive careful"
dialogue journals
allows children opportunities to communicate freely in a written form
connectors used in writing
sequencing, result, conclusion, contrast, opinion, condition, adding information.
minimize choppy sentences
use conjunctions as, and, but, or, join two complete sentences with semicolon, use dependent and independent clauses. This helps students..
prewriting
brainstorming, clustering, questioning, reading/ to identify the purpose for writing
drafting
fast writing/ getting ideas in writing
revising
reordering arguments, reordering supporting details/combing sentences, shortening sentences
editing
corecting spelling grammer and punctuation
publishing
sharing writing with one another
running record
is a fluency check
independent reading level
if the student reads 95% of the words correctly the child is at what level?
90- 94
Percentage when reached instructional level which means that the child can perform satisfactory with help from teacher.
89
Percentage of the book is probably at the childs frustration level
holistic scoring
used to evaluate the composition and writing performance of students in Texas
balanced reading program
Using these techniques to decode words: phonics, instruction embedded in intresting engaging reading and writing experiences, with whole and authentic literature based texts to facilitate the construction of meaning
Decoding
children who are just beginning to read should use..
Decoding Clues
Students use context clues to help identify unknown words.
informal reading inventory
Example: Asking a child to retell a story
Semantic, syntactic and structural
The 3 types of context clues.
semantic clues
require a child to think about the MEANING of words, and what is already known about a topic bieng read.
Syntactic clues
word order in a sentence might also provide clues to readers.
context clues
when context clues are combined with other clues such as phonnics and structural clues, accurate word identification is possible.
Decodable text
text in which most of the words are made up of sound- letter relationships that have been taught , but contain enough high frequency words to make them sound natural
story retelling
used to assess young children in listening and reading comprehension.
Decoding
the process of translating written words using phoneme- grapheme corresspondence and blending the sounds into words.
Decoding
Process of sounding words out
Convergent
Only one answer is correct
Divergent
More than one answer
Cloze test
another device for checking comprehension or a passage with ommited words the test taker must supply.
Similarities of LPAC and ARD
the commitees regulate admission and dismissal from the bilingual education and special education programs respectively.
National curve equivalent score
Uses raw scores to produce results, generally used in educational research, represents a better view of the achievement of students.
Tejas Lee
to show proficency in Spanish reading. Test is given twice a year in the bilingual education. The test is designed to identify early reading difficulties in Spanish.
k-2
TELPAS consists of the TOP only. Uses classroom observations. For grades:
3-12
TELPAS consists of listening, speaking, writing components of the TOP and RPTE. For grades:
Alternative methods of assessing ELL
Structured observation using a checklist, Dramatizations like role playing or readers theatre, Drawings to represent ideas and to support demonstrations or explanations, Fill in the blanks with word banks.
syntax
the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
student centered or learner centered
instruction which considers the ability and needs of the student in the planning process
stanine
Unit of score scale that divides the scores of the norm pupulation (representative sample) into 9 groups, ranging from a low of 1 to a high of 9. (Ex: 6 on this scale is considered average)
B.F. Skinner
pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats
Schemata
How the mind categorizes incoming stimuli. Ex: Children learn that a dog, cat and bear are part of the schema called animals.
Public Law 94-142
The Educational of All Handicapped Children's Act: guanteed a free, appropriate public education to each child with a disability in every state and locality across the country.
phoneme
in a spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
northwest ordinance
a 1787 law that set up a government for the northwest territory
Jean Piaget
Four stage theory of cognitive development:sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accommodation
metacognition
"Thinking about thinking" ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task
mainstreaming
Practice of placing children with special needs in regular classroom settings, with the support of professionals who provide special education services
extrinsic motivation
motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward
discovery learning
approach to instruction in which students develop an understanding of a topic through firsthand interaction with the environment
Jerome Bruner
Responsible for the discovery learning
CALPS
the development of the academic language needed for success in school
assimilation
process of changing ones own culture to the dominant cultural norms
acculturation
process of adapting to a new or different culture
Accommodation
Piaget's term for changing or increasing ones schemata from one cognitive level to the next.
rhythm
the repetition of lines, shapes, or colors to create a feeling of movement.
negative space
the area around, under, above, inside, and between objects
monochromatic
having one color.
hue
another name for color.
environmental art
art that is created to be part of a landscape.
asymmetry
another name for informal balance, a way of organizing parts of a desig so that objects have equal visual weight
verse
a section of a song in which the melody stays the same when it repeats, but the words change.
tempo
the speed of the beat.
reggae
a Caribbean style of rock music.
pitch
the highness or lowness of a sound
orchestra
a group of instruments usually consisting of strings, woodwinds, brass, and percussion.
jazz
an American musical style that combines elements of traditional Western musick with African rhythms and melodic contours
call and response
a muscial devise in which a portion of the melody (call) is followed by an answering portion (response).
allegro
fast
adagio
slow
shuttle run:
measures total body coordination.
sanitary landfill:
a large pit that holds trash as it decays.
fats
nutrients that provide energy:
antibody:
a substance that your body makes to fight a pathogen as it is attaching you.
antibiotic:
a drug that is used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria.
empty-calorie food:
a food that is low in vitamins and minerals but high in calories.
anerobic exercise:
exercise that uses a lot of oxygen in a short period of time and faster than your body can supply it.
aerobic exercise:
exercise that uses a lot of oxygen at a steady pace over a long period of time.
acid rain:
forms when air pollution mixes with fog, rain, or snow.
instrumental motivation
want to learn the language to accomplish a task, for example to travel to a country or pass a test.
integrative motivation
want to learn the language because it will enable them to socialize an dinteract effectively with native speakers.
fossilized
Spanish speakers prononuce nonstandard constructions like espeak or estring.
intermediate
Asks and answers questions as well as initiates and minimally sustains conversations about familiar topics.
advanced
Level: Progresses from sentence-level to paragraph-length; Narrates and describes present, past, and future
superior
Also known as advanced fluency, supports opinions and hypothesizes about abstract topics, offering detailed narration and description with native like discourse strategies
lexicon
Words can change meaning based on content. Example:hot can mean temperature or fashion.
Pragmatics
hidden rules of communication shared by native speakers of the language. These rules are not evident for ELL
morphology
word formation
morphemes
units of meaning. Example word cars has two: car-s
what language is composed of
phonology, morphology, syntax, lexicon, discourse, and pragmatics
biliteracy and biculturalism
Incorporate materials from the students native cultures and readings in language one are strategies to promote...
Maintenance Bilingual Education
Provides the most extensive instruction in L1.
Thomas and Collier
Study: Students in two way bilingual classrooms out perform their counterparts being schooled in monolingual classrooms, and they sustained their gains all the way through high school.
Ramirez study
found that ELLs in late exit continued to grow in English language arts, reading and math, in early exit and mainstream programs had gains in lower grades, but declined as they progressed to a higher grade.
Ramirez study
Study comparing the effectiveness of 3 program models: early and late exit or developmental, and structured english immersion. began in 1984
Self contained bilingual education
Students in these classes recieve at least 45 minutes of ESL instruction to promote English language development.
Aztec civilization
achieved the higest degree of development in Mexico
developmental bilingual education program
Children are encouraged to maintain their native language and add English to be able to function academically and socially in both.
homophones
words that sound the same, but are spelled different and have different meaning. Examples: club- a place to socalize
club- a wooden stick
rimes
Part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it. Example: the one of "bag" is "ag" and the one of "swim" is "Im"
onset
the part of a syllable that comes before the vowel. Example: the one of "string" is "str"
expository writing
What kind of writing: provides an explanation of processes or concepts; uses technical vocabulary and is less redundant; chronologiacally or numerically
narrative writing
What kind of writing: describes events or tells a story
Emerging readers
understands print carries meaning; phonemic awareness; recognize the connection between graphemes and phonemes; Use illustrations to obtain meaning and make predictions; retell a story
Aphasia
The loss of all or part of the ability to communicate. It results from injury to or disease of the brain centers responsible for communication. Sometimes the person's ability to understand is also disturbed.
Apraxia
Impaired ability to organize motor commands to speech musculature which results in improper sequencing of sounds in word production, ie, mispronounced words.
Biculturalism
Of or relating to two distinct cultures in one nation or geographic region
Bloom's Taxonomy
Bloom identified six levels of understanding, from simple recall to evaluation. The six levels are (1) Knowledge; (2) Comprehension; (3) Application; (4) Analysis; (5) Synthesis; and (6) Evaluation.
Cluttering
Rapid, garbled speech with extra or mispronounced sounds and sometimes mixed-up sentence structure.
Before a teacher reads a poem aloud to the class, she asks the students to listen for repetition of the long /e/ sound and to count how many times that sound is used in the poem.The teacher is assessing the students’ ability in:
Phonemic awareness refers to the students’ consciousness of sounds within words.
fourth-grade teacher assigns a certain short story to be read as homework. Which of the following prereading activities would be most likely to encourage reluctant students to read the story?
Students will be more eager to read the story if they anticipate a creative and entertaining activity upon completion of the reading.
By the end of which grade are children generally expected to read aloud with good expression at a rate of about 90 words per minute?
fourth grade reading level.
student who encounters an unfamiliar word in a story is able to deduce its meaning by associating it with a synonym that appears in the preceding sentence. The strategy the student has employed is called:
Context clues are words or phrases that appear in proximity to an unfamiliar word and can be used to deduce its meaning. Context clues include synonyms, antonyms, illustrations and definitions.
A basal reading program serves all of the following purposes EXCEPT:
meeting the individual needs of each child in the class.
A fifth-grade student who shows competence in most subject areas complains that he is having difficulty reading his science textbook. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
The student is having difficulty adapting to reading needs in a specific content field.
third-grade student hands in a composition that includes this sentence: My sister and me went to the movies. On which topic does the student need additional instruction?
Pronoun forms
Which of the following is the most effective way for a first-grade teacher to enhance students’ reading proficiency?
Provide effective phonics instruction.Phonics instruction in the early grades has proved most beneficial in developing reading proficiency
The prewriting process may include all of the following EXCEPT:
Revising cannot take place until a first draft has been written
A pre-kindergarten teacher reads the following sentences aloud and asks students to complete each of them with a rhyming word:
I saw a goat sailing a _______.
I saw a duck driving a ______.

The teacher is helping students develop:
Phonological awareness is the ability to hear and work with spoken language
A first-grade teacher wants her class to understand the concept of "two." The best way for the class to learn the concept is by...
Showing them a series of flash cards containing two birds, two cats, two horses, two of many different animals and, each time, asking in a pleasant voice, "How many?"
social studies teacher who wants to generate an understanding of the laws of supply and demand could best do that by...
Having students silently jot down what they believe is the most popular and the least popular athletic shoe and then do an Internet search of prices.
The characteristics of a "literature circle" are such that...
Reading groups are formed on the basis of choice, are collaborative, and guided by student insights and questions.
The "due process" laws of the United States most likely had their origins in...
The Magna Carta
A 6th grade teacher wants to develop a lesson plan on the 1960s and wants to include icons of fine arts painting, science, and history of the period. As touchstones for the lesson, the teacher might use
Andy Warhol, Lyndon B. Johnson, Yuri Gagarin and John Glenn.
A teacher wants to develop a lesson conveying the difference between instinctive and learned activities. For examples, the teacher could focus attention upon...
The way a dog can be taught to sit compared to the way it chases a ball.
teacher tells his class to construct an X-Y graph to depict the number of times a coin he flips lands on heads or tails. The teacher is mostly likely teaching skills...
Of graphing and statistical probability
A Language Arts teacher conducting a lesson in phonetics in a classroom with three English speaking former Bulgarian students in class should be aware of...
Differences between the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets.
translation
sliding motions
rotations
turning motions
reflections
flipping motions
dilations
expansions
range
found by subtracting the smallest value in the data set from the largest value in that set
1519
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda explores and maps the Texas coastline
1528
Cabeza de Vaca is among the first Europeans to explore the Texas interior
1682
Corpus Christi de la Isleta, the first of many Spanish missions, is established near El Paso.
1821
Mexico gains independence from Spain.
primary sources
information consist of actual records, first-hand accounts of events and experiences.
Secondary sources
information consist of descriptions and explanations that are created after a historical event has already taken place
A third grade teacher make a practice of reading aloud to students from hig-interest books that are above the students' independent reading level. Why do this?
to stimulate students' interest in literature and to introduce new vocabulary words and concepts to expand their knowledge of word meanings.
Talk-aloud activity
the teacher ask questions to guide students through a series of steps they must follow to complete a task.
think-aloud activity
the teacher shares with students the thinking process that he/she goes through to complete a task.
quatrain
poem consiting of four lines of verse
Ballad
narrative poem (tells a story) set to music
expressive language skills
speaking and writing
receptive language skills
listening and reading
The role of phonemic awareness in emergent literacy is
to prepare students to match speech sounds with letters in written words.
Phonics
refers to the sounds that letters represent and how these sounds and letters combine to form words.
Phonemic awareness:
the ability ot notice, think about, and work with the individual sounds in spoken words. (Focuses on sounds of language, not meaning)
graphemes:
the letters that spell the sounds in a word; e.g., in the word cat, the sound /k/ is represented by the grapheme (letter) c.
Phonological awareness
an awareness of an the ability to manipulate the sounds of sponken words; it is a broad tern that includes indentifying and making rhymes, recognizing alliteration, identifying and working with syllables in spoken words, identifying and working with onsets and rhymes in spoken syllables.
pragmatics
how are you putting it together? fuctioning to solve a problem
syntax
way put together
Barbara Jordan
first African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973.
plate tectonics
earth's crust consists of about 20 plates that drifts, collide, and separate over long periods of time.
Jigsaw method
Keeping the students involved in their own learning process by making them responsible as a group or as individuals for learning. Used to break materials into smaller units, allowing for more in
depth analysis, discussion, and teaching.
Young children learn primarily
through direct interaction with their immediate environment (real objects & environment)
Young children learn best
From working with concrete objects and materials. Using words and other types of symbols is less effective.