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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The most common electrical conductors are wire and cable made of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-2 Section: Introduction |
Copper.
Copper-covered steel. High-strength copper alloys. Aluminum. |
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Silver and gold are also good electrical conductors, but are not generally used because of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-2 Section: Introduction |
their high cost.
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What sets the standard for comparing the conductivity of other metals?
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-2 Section: Table 1.1 Conductor Descriptions |
Copper sets the standard for comparing the conductivity of other metals.
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The alloying of pure copper always has:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-2 Section: Table 1.1 Conductor Descriptions |
An adverse effect on its conductivity.
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The disadvantages of composite cables are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-4 Section: Composite Conductor |
Poor analog transmission characteristics
Extremely poor digital transmission characteristics Easily damaged unless encased in a rigid material Inconsistent quality |
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Cables with composite conductors are not recommended for use with:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-4 Section: Composite Conductor |
Modern telecommunications networks.
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The sizes in the AWG system roughly represent:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-5 Section: Basis of the AWG Numbering System |
The number of steps involved in the process of wire drawing.
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In the AWG numbering system, smaller numbers denote _______.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-5 Section: Basis of the AWG Numbering System |
Larger wires (because there are fewer drawings steps involved).
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In the AWG numbering system, larger numbers denote ________.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-5 Section: Basis of the AWG Numbering System |
Smaller wires (because there are more drawings steps involved).
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AWG sizes are based on:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-6 Section: Differences between solid and stranded conductor diameters |
Cross sectional area.
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Stranded conductors generally have a slightly larger outside diameter than the corresponding solid conductor diameter due to:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-6 Section: Differences Between Solid and Stranded Conductor diameters |
The cross-sectional area that is lost between the strands.
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The insulation of most modern wire and cables consists of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-7 Section: Insulation - Introduction |
One or more plastic materials applied by a variety of methods.
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Extruded polymers are generally used as insulation because they have proven to be:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-7 Section: Insulation - Introduction |
The most functional and dependable insulation materials.
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The electrical performance of twisted-pair cables is inversely proportional to the insulations:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-7 Section: Insulation - Introduction |
Dielectric constant and dissipation factor.
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Cables with a lower dielectric constant and dissipation factor have better:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-7 Section: Insulation - Introduction |
Attenuation characteristics and lower capacitance.
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What insulation materials provide improved smoke and flame characteristics as well as improved transmission performance?
Chapter 1 Page: 1-7 Section: Insulation - Introduction |
Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEPFEP).
Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFEECTFE). |
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The insulation material that has the lowest dielectric constant is:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-8 Section: Table 1.4 |
FEP = 2.1
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The characteristics that are used to compare and evaluate types of insulation are:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
Dielectric Constant
Dielectric Strength Insulation Resistance Dissipation Factor |
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The ratio of the capacitance of an insulated wire to the capacitance of the same wire uninsulated in the air is called:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
Dielectric constant
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Air is the reference of an insulation's dielectric constant with a dielectric constant of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
1.0
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What measures the maximum voltage that an insulation can withstand without breakdown?
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
Dielectric strength
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The relative power loss in the insulation due to molecular excitement and subsequent kinetic and thermal energy loss is called:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
Dissipation factor
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The insulations ability to resist the flow of current through it is called:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
Insulation resistance
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For inside wire conductors, insulation resistance (IR) is typically expressed in:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-9 Section: Table 1.5 |
megohm km or megohm 1000 ft.
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The main reason for twisting pairs of conductors is to:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-10 Section: Balanced Twisted Pair Cables - Introduction |
Minimize crosstalk and noise by decreasing capacitance unbalance and mutual inductance coupling between pairs.
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Both mutual induction and capacitance are affected by the relative length and uniformity of pair twists. To minimize crosstalk within a multipair cable, each pair is given:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-10 Section: Pair Twists |
A different twist length within a standard range.
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Generally, a counterclockwise (left-hand) twist length between 51 mm and 152 mm (2 in and 6 in) is used for:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-10 Section: Pair Twists |
Voice and low frequency data cables.
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Tight twisting is where pair twist lengths are less than:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-10 Section: Pair Twists |
12.7 mm (0.5 in.).
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Attenuation increases with temperature due to:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-11 Section: Temperature Effects |
Increased conductor resistance.
Increased insulation dielectric constant. Increased dissipation factor. |
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The attenuation of some cables may exhibit significant variations due to:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-11 Section: Temperature Effects |
Temperature dependence of the material.
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A termperature coefficient of 1.5 percent per degree Celsius is not uncommon for:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-11 Section: Temperature Effects |
Some category 3 cables.
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Cable shields perform these functions:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-15 Section: Cable Shielding - Description |
Reduce the radiated signal from the cable
Reduce the effects of electrical hazards when properly grounded and bonded Minimize the effect of external EMI on the conductors within the shielded cable Increase the capacitance per unit length of the cable |
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The shielding effectiveness of a cable shield is determined by:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-15 Section: Shielding Effectiveness |
Measuring the surface transfer impedance
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Surface transfer impedance is usually measured in:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-15 Section: Shielding Effectiveness |
Milliohm - meter.
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Cable shields are usually connected in such a way that they may be called upon to:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-15 Section: Shielding Effectiveness |
Carry relatively large currents that are induced from an external field.
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List the different types of cable shields:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-16 Section: Types of Shields |
Braided wirewire.
Spiral-wrapped wire. Reverse spiral-wrapped wire. Metal foils, either helically or longitudinally wrapped. Hybrids, combining other types. Metal tubes. Conductive non-metallic materials. |
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What is the best possible shield, displaying superior shielding properties at all frequencies?
Chapter 1 Page: 1-16 Section: Solid Wall Metal Tubes |
A solid wall metal tube (conduit)
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Conductive non-metallic materials, such as semiconductive tapes made with high carbon content, are sometimes used at power and some low audio frequencies. These semiconductive shields are used
for what applications? Chapter 1 Page: 1-16 Section: Conductive Nonmetallic Materials |
For application at frequencies above 500 kHz.
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Drain wires are sometimes applied in addition to a shield to provide an easier means for grounding the shield and to assure:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-18 Section: Drain Wires - Introduction |
Shield continuity for metallic foil shields.
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An analog signal is in the form of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-19 Section: Introduction |
A wave that uses continuous variations in time to transmit information.
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Hertz is the unit used to indicate:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-20 Section: Sinusoidal Signals |
Cycles per second and is the standard unit of frequency measurement.
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Decibels are a logarithmic factor. A plus three dB change results in:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Decibel |
Doubling of power.
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A Decibel value of 6 equals a power ratio of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Table 1.9 |
4.0.
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A Decibel value of 10 equals a power ratio of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Table 1.9 |
10.0
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A Decibel value of 20 equals a power ratio of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Table 1.9 |
100.0
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A Decibel value of 30 equals a power ratio of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Table 1.9 |
1000.0
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Decibel levels are used to express:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-24 Section: Decibel |
Power ratios of all types of analog and digital signals, regardless of the medium.
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Echoes are caused by:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-25 Section: Echo and Delay |
Discontinuities in the medium that carries the sound.
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Phase shift is a phenomenon related to:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-25 Section: Phase and Delay |
Delay
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In communications, the system consists of three components:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-26 Section: Introduction |
Source of energy
Medium to carry the energy Receiving device |
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Telephone systems transmit the frequency range of:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-26 Section: Introduction |
300 to 3400 Hz.
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In voice band circuits, the 600 ohms impedance is preferred for:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-27 Section: Telephone Line Impedance |
Private line circuits and trunks.
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In voice band circuits, 900 ohms impedance is used in:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-27 Section: Telephone Line Impedance |
Central office switching system line circuits
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Like resistance, impedance is expressed in:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-27 Section: Telephone Line Impedance |
Ohm, but has a magnitude and phase component.
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Matching impedances improves:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-27 Section: Telephony Echo |
Transmission efficiency and minimizes echo.
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The speed of light is usually represented by:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-27 Section: Telephony Echo |
The symbol c.
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The most common distance between loading points for D loading is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-28 Section: Telephony Distortion |
1.37 km (4500 ft.)
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The most common distance between loading points for H loading is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-28 Section: Telephony Distortion |
1.8 km (5900 ft.)
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The transmission characteristics of conductor pairs vary with:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-28 Section: Telephony Distortion |
frequency.
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Data networks must have QoS capabilities to support:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-29 Section: IP Telephony Introduction |
IP telephony.
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The IEEE has mandated the 802.3af DTE power via:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-31 Section: Power over Balanced Twisted Pair |
MDI
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The IEEE 802.3af standard for DTE power via MDI recommends allows delivering power in 10Base-T and 100Base-T over:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-31 Section: Power over Balanced Twisted Pair |
the two unused pairs 4 & 5 and 7 & 8.
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The IEEE 802.3af standard for DTE power via MDI recommends that the maximum output level is:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-31 Section: Power over Balanced Twisted Pair |
15.4 watts at 44 to 57 volts.
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Analog signals can be encoded into a digital format by using a process called:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-32 Section: Definition |
analog to digital conversion.
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Nonuniform mapping between analog sampled value to an assigned digital level is called:
Chapter 1 Page: 1-33 Section: Quantizing/Companding |
companding
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What is the type of companding is used in the United States?
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-33 Section: Quantizing/Companding |
Mu-law
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PCM is a sampled value that is assigned one of ___ levels.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-34 Section: PCM |
256
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Devices called codecs do this function.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-34 Section: PCM |
conversion of speech to digital data.
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The length of a DS1 frame is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-35 Section: TDM |
193 bits.
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The process of reconstituting the individual channels from the composite signal is called:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-36 Section: TDM |
demultiplexing.
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12 T1 frames = _____
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-36 Section: TDM |
1 superframe
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16 E1 frames = ________
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-36 Section: TDM |
1 multiframe
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The bit is the ________.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-37 Section: Converting Digital Data to Digital Signals |
basic unit of digital data.
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Inverting alternate pulses for ones and using zero level for zeros. This technique is used for:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-37 Section: Encoding Techniques |
T1 carriers and is commonly referred to as bipolar alternate mark inversion (AMI).
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The digital signal is typically restricted to change states only at:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-37 Section: Encoding Techniques |
regularly spaced time intervals.
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The TP-PMD line application uses:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-39 Section: Table 1.11 |
MLT-3.
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The term baud is often encountered when discussing modems. It describes the rate at which:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-38 Section: Converting Digital Data to Digital Signals |
a signal can change state
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In DMT, a frequency band is typically sliced into:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-42 Section: DMT |
256 subbands.
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The 8B / 1Q4 PAM5 encoding scheme is used for:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-42 Section: 8B / 1Q4 PAM5 Encoding |
1000BaseT.
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Simplex is a term used to describe the transmission of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-44 Section: Simplex |
signals in one direction only.
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All telephone lines are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-44 Section: Full Duplex |
full-duplex, allowing both parties to talk simultaneously.
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________ transmission occurs without a precise time relationship in the signal characters or the bits that represent them.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-45 Section: Asynchronous Transmission |
Asynchronous
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Each character of the information is sent without:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-45 Section: Asynchronous Transmission |
a precise time relationship between it and any other character of information.
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Each character of the information carries with it:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-45 Section: Asynchronous Transmission |
start and stop signals.
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Synchronous transmission is performed by:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-45 Section: Synchronous Transmission |
synchronizing the data bits in phase or in unison with equally spaced clock signals or pulses.
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Synchronous transmission is more efficient than asynchronous transmission because:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-45 Section: Synchronous Transmission |
no start and stop bits are required.
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The lowest channel level of digital carrier is known as:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-46 Section: Digital Signal Level Zero DS-0 |
DS0
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DS1 supports a transmission rate of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-46 Section: Digital Signal Level One DS-1 |
1.544 Mb/s
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A DS1 is capable of handling:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-46 Section: Digital Signal Level One DS-1 |
24 standard (3100 Hz bandwidth) analog voice channels when 64,000 b/s PCM is used
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A DS2 handles:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-47 Section: Digital Signal Level Two DS-2 |
four DS1 channels.
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A DS3 is used to multiplex:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-47 Section: Digital Signal Level Three DS-3 |
28 DS1 channels at 44.736 Mb/s.
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A DS4 is capable of multiplexing:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-48 Section: Table 1.12 |
4032 DS0 channels.
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The levels of multiplexing used in Europe are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-49 Section: European E |
E1, E2, E3 and E4.
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An E1 supports a transmission rate of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-49 Section: E1 level |
2.048 Mb/s
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An E1 is capable of handling:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-49 Section: E1 level |
30 standard (3100 Hz bandwidth) analog voice channels when 64 kb/s PCM is used.
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An E3 is used to multiplex:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-49 Section: E3 level |
four E2 signals at 34.816 Mb/s.
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An E3 is used to multiplex:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-50 Section: Table 1.13 |
480 DS0 channels at 38.816 Mb/s.
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An E4 is capable of multiplexing:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-50 Section: Table 1.13 |
1920 DS0 channels.
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The total information capacity of a basic rate ISDN line is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-51 Section: ISDN |
144 kb/s.
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The total information capacity of a primary rate ISDN North America is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-51 Section: ISDN |
1.536 Mb/s.
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The total information capacity of a primary rate ISDN Europe is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-51 Section: ISDN |
1.92 Mb/s.
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High bit digital subscriber line (HDSL) transmits:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-52 Section: HDSL |
DS1 rate signals over balanced twisted pair cable.
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An ADSL circuit creates:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-52 Section: ADSL Technologies |
three information channels:
A high speed downstream channel, a medium speed duplex channel, and a plain old telephone service (POTS) channel. |
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The maximum distance for a 1.5 or 2 Mb/s ADSL subscriber line over 24 AWG cable is:
Chapter: 1 Section: ADSL Table 1.15 Page: 1-53 |
5.5 km (18,000 ft.).
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The maximum distance for a 6.1 Mb/s ADSL subscriber line over 24 AWG cable is:
Chapter: 1 Section: ADSL Table 1.15 Page: 1-53 |
3.7 km (12,000 ft.).
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The maximum distance for an 8 Mb/s ADSL subscriber line over 24 AWG cable is:
Chapter: 1 Section: ADSL Table 1.15 Page: 1-53 |
2.0 km (6,500 ft.)
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Digital signals require more bandwidth than analog signals, but by using __________ , the bandwidth required can be reduced significantly.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-56 Section: Digital Signaling |
special modulation techniques and signal compression
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In CATV systems, the RF carriers are separated by:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-58 Section: Broadband Video |
6 to 8 MHz.
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Broadband analog CATV signals can be implemented on _______ balanced twisted pair cable.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-58 Section: Balanced Twisted Pair Media Implementation |
category 5e or higher
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Characteristic impedance corresponds to the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-64 Section: Characteristic impedance |
input impedance of a uniform transmission line of infinite length.
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Attenuation corresponds to the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-64 Section: Attenuation |
ratio in decibels (dB) of the input power to the output power when the load and source impedance are matched to the characteristic impedance of the cable
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Crosstalk is signal interference between:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-65 Section: Crosstalk |
pairs, which may be caused by a pair picking up unwanted signals from either: Adjacent pairs of conductors, or Nearby cables.
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Delay skew is the difference in propagation delay between:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-66 Section: Delay Skew |
any pairs within the same cable sheath.
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The delay skew between the fastest and slowest pairs in a category 6 / class E and category 5e / class D cable shall not exceed:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-66 Section: Delay Skew |
45 ns at 100 m (328 ft.).
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The power of the reflected signal is called the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-67 Section: Return loss |
return loss
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The return loss is derived from the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-67 Section: Return loss |
reflection coefficient.
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The better the impedance matching, the lower the reflected energy and the higher the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-67 Section: Return loss |
return loss.
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SNR is the relationship between:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-68 Section: SNR |
the level of the received signal and the level of the received noise
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ACR = ______.
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-68 Section: ACR |
minimum NEXT loss - maximum attenuation
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Balanced twisted pair cables have a nominal characteristic impedance of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-69 Section: Balanced twisted pair performance |
100 ohms at 100 MHz.
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The components that make up the channel consist of a:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-70 Section: Channel Model |
Telecommunications outlet / connector
Balanced twisted pair cable of 90 m (295 ft.) Cross-connect system Equipment and patch cords Consolidation point (CP) Horizontal connection point (HCP) Transition point (TP) Multiuser telecommunications outlet assembly (MUTOA) |
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NEXT loss is dominated by components in the near zone which is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-71 Section: NEXT Loss Limits |
< 20 m (66 ft.) in length.
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Return loss is a measure of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-71 Section: Return Loss Limits |
the reflected energy caused by impedance mismatches in the cabling system.
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Impedance matching devices are commonly known as:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-82 Section: Impedance Matching Devices |
Baluns.
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Optical fiber transmitters for glass optical fibers normally emit light at, or near, one of the four following nominal wavelengths, measured in nanometers (nm):
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-82 Section: Center Wavelength |
850 nm
1300 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm |
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Wide spectral widths lead to:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-88 Section: Spectral Width |
increased dispersion of light pulses as the light pulses propagate through a fiber.
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LEDs have a relative low modulation frequency and are limited to data rates of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-91 Section: Modulation Frequency |
622 Mb/s and below
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The four major types of transmitters light sources are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-91 Section: Transmitter Comparison |
Light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Short wavelength lasers (CDs). Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). Laser diodes (LDs) or lasers. |
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The NA of a 62.5/125 multimode optical fiber is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-91 Section: Numerical Aperture - Figure 1.25 |
0.275
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The characteristic parameters of optical fiber receivers are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-96 Section: Characteristic parameters |
Sensitivity.
Bit error rate (BER). Dynamic range. |
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BER is the fractional number of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-96 Section: Sensitivity and Bit Error Rate (BER) |
errors allowed to occur between the transmitter and receiver.
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The key factors in determining which optical fiber to use in a given application are:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-97 Section: Optical Fiber Core Size Selection Parameters |
Active equipment.
Distance. Bandwidth (data rate). |
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Transmitters have bandwidth limitations because they take time to change from a low power state to a high power state. This period is called:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-99 Section: Transmitters and Rise Time |
rise time.
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For an optical fiber system, the essential elements of the end-to-end bandwidth are the:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-99 Section: Introduction |
Transmitter.
Optical fiber. |
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Optical fibers have bandwidth limitations because of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-99 Section: Optical fibers |
dispersion.
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The LED sources frequently used with multimode systems have much broader spectral widths than singlemode laser sources. This results in:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-102 Section: Chromatic Dispersion |
chromatic dispersion.
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Most glass optical fibers have minimal chromatic dispersion characteristics near:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-102 Section: Chromatic Dispersion |
1300 nm.
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The various modes in a multimode optical fiber follow different paths through the core of the optical fiber. This type of dispersion is called:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-102 Section: Modal Dispersion |
modal dispersion
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Multimode optical fiber is best suited for premises applications where links are less than 550 m (1804 ft.) for data rates of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-105 Section: Classification of Optical Fiber |
1 Gb/s or less.
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Multimode optical fiber is best suited for premises applications where links are less than:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-105 Section: Classification of Optical Fiber |
300 m (984 ft.) for data rates of 10 Gb/s or less.
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For singlemode optical fiber cable, inside cable must have a maximum attenuation of:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-110 Section: Singlemode Optical Fiber |
1.0 dB / km at 1310 nm and 1550 nm.
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The maximum cable attenuation for a 50/125 multimode optical fiber cable at 850 nm is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-112 Section: Table 1.31 |
3.5 dB.
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The maximum cable attenuation for a 50/125 multimode optical fiber cable at 1300 nm is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-112 Section: Table 1.31 |
1.5 dB.
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The maximum cable attenuation for a 62.5/125 multimode optical fiber cable at 850 nm is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-112 Section: Table 1.31 |
3.5 dB.
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The maximum cable attenuation for a 62.5/125 multimode optical fiber cable at 1300 nm is:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-112 Section: Table 1.31 |
1.5 dB.
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A STS-1/OC-1 channel operates at:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-126 Section: Common SDH and OC Transmission Rates Table 1.38 |
51.84 Mb/s.
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A STS-3/OC-3 channel operates at:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-126 Section: Common SDH and OC Transmission Rates Table 1.38 |
155.52 Mb/s.
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A STS-12/OC-12 channel operates at:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-126 Section: Common SDH and OC Transmission Rates Table 1.38 |
622.08 Mb/s.
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A STS-192/OC-192 channel operates at:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-126 Section: Common SDH and OC Transmission Rates Table 1.38 |
9953.28 Mb/s.
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Wave division multiplexing uses a series of lenses to:
Chapter: 1 Page: 1-128 Section: System Example |
refract and direct light pulses into a single optical fiber the carries the combined wavelengths.
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