Bib Final

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1. Apocrypha

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“supplementary” books that were removed from the Old and New Testament in the Protestant reformation and put in their own separate section

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2. Pseudepigrapha

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books written by Hellenized Jewish writers that were not admitted to the canons of either the Hebrew or Greek versions of the Bible

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3. Wisdom of Solomon

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collection of poems, proverbs, and sage meditations. Composed by a Hellenized Jew in Alexandria, Egypt, during the last century BCE. Surveys the divine nature of wisdom, and describes its origin, character, and value

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4. Susanna

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an addition to Daniel. A young Jewish wife rejects the lustful advances of 2 Jewish elders during the exile. Daniel investigates further after she is accused of adultery, and the 2 elders are sentenced to death

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5. Judith

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an anonymous historical romance reflects the dangers and difficulties of Jews living in the Diaspora. Set during the Assyrian threat to Israel. Judith’s killing of Holofernes is an act of national heroism

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6. I Enoch

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oldest surviving example of Jewish apocalyptic literature. Visions of the spirit world are combined with images of End time. Divided into five books: the Watchers, the Similitudes (Parables), the Astronomical Writings, the Dream Visions, and the Epistle of Enoch

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7. I Maccabees

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an accurate history of the Jewish revolt against Seleucid oppression. Recounts the persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV, the uprising led by Mattathias and his sons, the guerilla war led by Judas Maccabeus (carried on by Jonathan and Simon, his brothers) and John Hyrcanus I, the first priest-king of a new Hasmonean dynasty

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8. Herod

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the Great. Roman-appointed king of Judea, ruling when Jesus was born. Able administrator who reconstructed the Jerusalem Temple, cruel and hated by the Jews

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9. Stoicism

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a Greek philosophy that became popular among the educated classes during Roman rule. Order and moral purpose of the universe; reason is the divine principle that gives meaning to the complex world. Soul’s immortality and future world of rewards/punishments

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10. Plato

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Greek philosopher (427-347 BCE) who postulated the existence of a dual universe consisting of an invisible spiritual realm and an inferior material realm. View of the immortality of the soul and posthumous destiny influenced Christianity

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11. Asclepius

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Greek god of medicine, son of a mortal and the god Apollo. Could raise the dead, and after his death was deified and allegedly effected cures at shrines in the Greco-Roman world

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12. Mithras

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a young Persian god, born from a rock on December 25 who slew the bull of heaven and started a salvation cult. Serious rival to early Christianity, only allowed male worshippers

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13. Pharisees

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a leading religious movement in Judaism during the last 2 centuries BCE and the first 2 centuries CE. Descendents of the Hasidism that defied Antiochus IV. Rigorous observance of the law led to a separate kind of lifestyle. Typically presented as opponents of Jesus, ideas of resurrection and afterlife anticipated Christ

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14. Essenes

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one of three major sects of first-century CE Judaism. Spiritual descendents of the Hasidism that had resisted Antiochus IV. Apocalyptic convictions and baptism-like rituals are considered to have had an influence on pre-Christian figures such as John the Baptist. Identified with the Dead Sea Scrolls

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15. Sadducees

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ultraconservative Jewish sect of the first centuries BCE and CE composed of wealthy and political landowners. Recognized only the Torah as binding, denying judgment and resurrection in the afterlife. Cooperated with Roman rule which led to their lack of popularity

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16. Mishnah

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from the Hebrew verb “to repeat,” a collection of Pharisaic oral interpretations of the Torah complied about 200 CE

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17. Talmud

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Collection of Jewish religious traditions consisting of the Mishnah and the Gemara (commentaries on the Mishnah). Palestinian incomplete version c. 450 CE, Babylonian version c. 500 CE

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18. Synoptic Problem

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term for the question of relationship and nature of literary independence of the Synoptic Gospels. Most believe Matthew and Luke drew off of Mark.

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19. Synoptic Gospels

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Matthew, Mark, and Luke. They share a large quantity of material in common, allowing all their texts to be viewed “with one eye.”

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20. Two-Document Theory

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The theory that Matthew and Luke used not only Mark as a basis for their Gospels, but that they also used another document: a collection of Jesus’ saying and teachings referred to as Q document

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21. Q

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abbreviation for Quelle, German term for “source.” A hypothetical document that many scholars believed contained a collection of Jesus’ sayings. Theory about it formed to explain similar content in both Matthew and Luke, not found in Mark. Assembled 50-70 CE.

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22. Realized eschatology

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a belief that events usually associated with the eschaton are even now realized or fulfilled by Jesus’ spiritual presence among believers.

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23. Beloved Disciple

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the unnamed “disciple whom Jesus loved.” Depicted as enjoying a more intimate relationship with Jesus than Peter or any other follower.

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24. “I Am” sayings

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Contained in the Book of Signs (Miracles). Believed to have been formulated off of Wisdom speeches from the Hebrew Bible, as well as a way to identify Jesus with the Yahweh revealed to Moses on Sinai

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25. Gnosticism

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a movement in early Christianity which taught that salvation was gained through special knowledge reveled through a spiritual savior and was the property of the elite few who had been initiated into its mysteries

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26. Book of Glory

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the second part of John’s Gospel that portrays Jesus’ betrayal and suffering as changing into glorious triumph

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27. Stephen

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Hellenistic Jew of Jerusalem who was stoned for his Christian heresy, becoming the first martyr of the new church. His name means “royal” or “crown.”

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28. glossalalia

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a religious phenomenon in which a person is inspired to speak in a language not his own. Symbolizes the multinational nature of the early Christian movement in Acts 2.

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29. Cornelius

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A Roman centurion associated with the Jewish synagogue in Caesarea who became the first Gentile convert to Christianity

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30. Jerusalem Conference

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the first recorded church council where the elders and apostles decided if it was necessary to be Jew before becoming Christian. Moderate compromise, decided that some Torah mandates are kept

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31. Colossians

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possibly the work of a Pauline disciple, Jesus’ identity as a cosmic power and wisdom is emphasized. The divine secret is Christ’s Spirit dwelling in us

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32. II Thessalonians

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reinterprets themes from I Thessalonians; gives a different eschatology, giving “signs” that will precede the end times. Disputed Pauline letter

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33. Ephesians

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a tribute to Paul written by a later disciple. Unity of Christ and cosmos must be reflected in the church, and believers engage in spiritual warfare with supernatural evil.

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34. Pastoral Epistles

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I and II Timothy and Titus. Not by Paul, but by later pastors who wished to give reinterpreted Pauline wisdom to a new generation of believers.

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35. Catholic Epistles

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refers to seven short New Testament documents intended for catholic (“universal”) use. James, I and II Peter, I II and III John, and Jude.

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36. Hebrews

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combines the Hebrew Bible with elements in Greek philosophy to argue Jesus was a kingly priest and Messiah. Christ now serves in heaven as eternal High Priest and mediator for humanity

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37. James

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reputedly written by Jesus’ brother and leader of the church in Jerusalem. In actuality, a Jewish-Christian anthology of ethical wisdom; defines religion and faith in terms of humanitarian action

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38. Patmos

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: a small Aegean island off the coast of western Asia Minor where John, author of Revelation, was exiled by the emperor Domitian around 95 CE

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39. Domitian

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Roman emperor (81-96 CE) who ascended the throne following the death of his older brother Titus. The Book of Revelation was believed to be written late in his reign.

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40. Emperor Cult

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the worship of the state leader, such as the emperor, as part of citizens’ loyalty and patriotism. Utilized by Domitian during his reign.