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63 Cards in this Set
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Halobacterium
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Pump lots of K+ into cell (compatible solutes)Live in high salt, 9%
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Methanogenic |
Produce CH4 Diverse habitats Diverse morphologies Cows>>global warming |
Archaea |
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Thermoplasmatales |
No cell wall Chemoorganotrophs Aerobes/anaerobes by sulfur respiration Thermophilic Acidophilic Self-heating coal piles |
Domain: Archaea, Phylum: Euryarchaeota |
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Methanopyrus |
Hyperthermophilic 84-110C, up to 122C Rod-shaped Methanogen |
Domain: Arches, Phylum: Euryarchaeota |
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Crenarchaeota Sulfolobales |
90C, pH = 1-5 genera:Sulfolobus,Acidianus |
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Sulfolobales Sulfolobus
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habitat: sulfur-rich, acidic, hotspringsaerobic chemolithotrophsoxidize H2S or S0adhere to sulfur crystalsspherical or distinct lobes
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Alveolates (general)
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alveoli (sacs underneath cytoplasmic membrane, maintain osmotic balance)
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Fungi (general)
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closest LUCA for animalsdeveloped with animals 1.5 billion yrs agomulticellularmay be pathogenicSpecies: Ophiostoma ulmi (dutch elm tree devastation), Mycoses (athlete's foot, histoplasmosis)
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human papillomavirus
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icosahedral virus
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Cruetzfeld-Jakob Disease
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human prion disease
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Kuru
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human prion disease
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spongiform encaphalopathies
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prion diseases
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prion
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infectious proteins
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viroid
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RNA, no coat |
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Satellite viruses
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rely on unrelated viruses as helpers
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Nanoarchaeum equitans |
one of smallest organisms -> tiny genome obligate symbiont with Ignicoccus dependent on host for most needs |
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Bdellovibrio
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Prey on gram neg. bact.Obligate anaerobes
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Rhizobium
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N-fixingIn root nodules
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Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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Crown gall disease
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Rickettsia, Wolbachia
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Often intracellular parasites
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Rickettsia diseases
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TyphusRocky mountain spotted fever
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Wolbachia female production in hosts
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FeminizationParthenogenesisMale killingCytoplasmic incompatibility
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Neisseria
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Gram-neg diplococci (touching spheres)gonorrhoeae = gonorrheameningitidis = meningitis
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Gammaproteobact.
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Most important class for human pathology
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Escherichia
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Mixed-acid fermenterInhabit intestinal tracts, synthesize vitaminsSome are pathogenic (if have pathogenicity islands)
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Salmonella, Shigella
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Mixed-acid fermentersFood-borne illness, food poisoning
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Proteus |
Mixed-acid fermenters Rapidly motile, swarms = concentric rings Causes UTIs |
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Klebsiella
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Butanediol fermenterMany fix NMay cause pneumoniaIn ant fungal gardens
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Helicobacter
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Gram-negPathogenic: gastric ulcers, gastric cancer50% of population infected without symptomsBarry Marshall drank it, proved it
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Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus |
Non-sporulating Firmicute key genera |
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Staphylococcus, Micrococcus |
Aerobic High salt tolerant |
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Pathogenic Gram-positive
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Staphylococcus epidermia
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Gram positiveNormal flora of human skin
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Lactic acid bact.
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Gram posCocci, rodsProduce lactic acidZERO aerobic respiration, E from fermentationAnaerobic, aerotolerantHomofermentative (produce lactic acid only) or Heterofermentative (lactic acid, ethanol, CO2)
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Streptococcus
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Nonsporulating FirmicuteHomofermentative (just lactic acid produced)Live in chains
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Listeria
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gram positive coccobacilli3-5 - cell chainsL. monocytogens: foodborne illness from cheese, sausages-->mild - fatal meningitisActA protein converts actin polymerization into a motile force
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Endospore-forming firmicutes
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Key genera: bacillus, clostridiumdistinguishing features: morphology, shape, cellular position of endosporegenerally found in soils (because endospores are advantageous for soil which is highly variable in its conditions)
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Tenericutes: Mollicutes
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Mycoplasmic (no cell wall at all!!)Key genera: Mycoplasma, Spiroplasmaverrrrrrry smalloften intracellular parasitic
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Mycoplasma
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bacteria without cell wallsMollicutepleomorphic growth = many require cholesterol, look like fried eggsTINY (0.1 micrometer)one of smallest genoes for free-living bact., but not simple2nd bacterial genome ever sequenced: M. genitalium; M. pneumoniae
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Spiroplasma
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mycoplasmaHelical or spiralisolated from ticks, hemolymph and gut of insects, vascular plant fluids, insects that feed on those plants' fluidsplant pathogens: citrus stubborn disease, corn stunt diseaseInsect pathogens for: honeybees, beetles
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Actinobacteria: Coryneform & Proprionic Acid Bacteria
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Key genera: Corynebacterium, Arthrobacter, Propionibacterium30 taxonomic familiesRod-shaped to filamentoususually aerobicmostly harmless commensals (except for mycobacterium)antibioticsdairy products
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Corynebacterium
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gram-posaerobicnonmotilerod-shapedclubshaped, irregular shaped, V-shaped cell arrangementsC. diphtheriae: diphtheria
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diphtheriae
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diphtheria
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Arthrobacter
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mostly soilvegetative cellresistant to dessication, starvationcycle includes cocci and bacilli
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Propionic acid bacteria
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first discovered in swiss cheesegram-posanaerobicsecondary fermentation (energy from fermentation products of OTHER bact.)Swiss cheese: Emmentaler - homofermentative streptococci (a lactobacilli) hands off lactic acid to these guys,these guys turn lactic acid into proprionic acid and CO2
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Mycobacterium
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First discovered by Robert KochGram stain = no good, because surface lipids = mycolic acidacid-fast staining: "Ziehl-Neelsen staining" = red dye + heat + phenol, decolorized in acid-alcohol, counterstained with methylene bluerod-shapedsomewhat pleomorphic2 groups: slow-growing, fast-growingform tight, wrinkled coloniesIncludes TB (tuberculosis)
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Filamentous Actinobacteria: Streptomyces & relatives
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Key genera: Streptomyces, Actinomycesfilamentousgram-posproduce mycelium = analogous to mycelium of fungiover 500 speciesprimarily soilgive earthy odor to soil (geosmins)strict aerobesproduce extracellular enzymesStreptomyces
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Streptomyces
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vegetative phase: complex interwoven filamentssporophores = aerial filamentsconidia = sporesclassification = shape/arrangement8 Mbp genome = BIGPRODUCES OVER 500 ANTIBIOTICSresistant to own antibiotic but sensitive to others
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Bacteroides
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normal commensal in human large intestinedominates our feceslots of enzymes for degradation of polysaccharidesallows humans to digest a lot of plantsgive rise to "enterotypes" = typology of gut microbiomes
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Cyanobacteria
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key genera: synechoccocusoxygenic PHOTOTROPHSfirst oxygen-evolving phototrophs, gave rise to oxygen in atmospherelarge morphological diversity: unicellular with binary fission, unicellular with multiple fission, filamentous with heterocysts, filamentous without heterocysts, branching filamentoussome live in human gut or groundwater...how? = nonphotosynthetic
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Prochlorophytes
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key genus: Prochlrococcusfound in photic zone of open oceansMOST ABUNDANT PHOTOSYNTHETIC MICROORG ON EARTH
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Chlamydia
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Obligate intracellular parasiteVERY SIMPLE metabolisma leading STD
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Thermus
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Thermus Aquaticus = thermophilic, aerobicsource of Taq DNA pol. = heat-stable enzyme for PCR
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Deinococcus radiodurans
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aerobicorganotrophicpeptidoglycan has ornithineouter membrane missing lipid Amost are red or pink (carotenoids)resist UV and gamma radiationvery good at repairing DNA damagemany DNA-repair enzymescan reassemble frangmented DNADNA arrangement = "toroidal"= stack of rings
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Morphological diversity of Bacteria
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SpirochetesProsthecateStalked bacteriaMyxobacteria
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Spirochetes
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have ENDOFLAGELLA located in PERIPLASM key genera: Treponema, Leptospira, Borreliagram-negmotilecoiledaquatic and in animalssome pathogenic
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Treponema
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Anaerobichost-associatedT. pallidum: syphilis in humanscells flat/wavy, NOT helical
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Borrelia
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Spirochetemostly pathogenic - humans and animalsB. burgdorferi = Lyme disease, has linear chromosome
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Borrelia burgdorferi
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causes Lyme diseaselinear chromosomeLeptospira
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Leptospira
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Spirochetenatural host = rodentscauses leptospirosis in humans, get it from rodent urine
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Caulobacter
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Prosthecate/stalked bact. = has HOLDFASTChemoorganotrophfound on surfaces of aquaticforms rosettes = stalks of attached cellsonly replicates DNA and divides while in stalked stage
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Myxobacteria
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complex life cycle =aggregation through chemotaxis and quorum sensingform fruiting bodies = stalk + headhead = myxospores (like endospore, but less heat resistant)
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myxospore
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endospore-ish with less heat resistance
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