Bi233 Test 4 Reproduction

Front 1

Primary Sex organs in M and F

Back 1

Males - Sperm (testes)

Females - Oocyte (ovaries)

Front 2

Scrotum muscles

Back 2

Dartos - contracts in cold weather, wrinkled shell

cremastor - controls testicle location

3 degrees celcius lower then body

Front 3

Seminiferous tubules

Back 3

found in the lobes created by the tunica albuginea

"sperm factories"

Front 4

Efferent ductule

Back 4

receives sperm from the ready testes

seminiferous tubules > tubules rectus > ready testes > efferent ductle > epiddymus

Front 5

pampiniform plexus

Back 5

vine like structure surrounding the testicular artery, absorbs heat cooling it before it enters the testes

Front 6

spermatic cord

Back 6

encloses nerve fibers, along with blood vessels and lymphatics & vas deferens

Front 7

interstitial (leydig) cells

Back 7

tissue surrounding seminiferous tubules, secretes testosterone

Front 8

penis facts

Back 8

size 5.81-6.82 = 68% of population
Root/Shaft(body)/glans (head)

Front 9

corpus spongiosum

Back 9

mid ventral, surrounds urethra

Front 10

corpus cavernosa

Back 10

2 sacks form the crua or crust

Front 11

Epididymous facts

Back 11

consists of head, body, tail, becomes vas deferens

psuedostratified columnar (sterocilia)

smooth muscle contracts only during ejaculation

sperm storage 1-3 months

20 day swim camp

Front 12

Ductus Deferns (vas deferns) facts

Back 12

connected to the epididymus

carries sperm from the testes to the urethra

ampulla - enlargement

ejaculatory duct - ampulla and seminal vesicle come together here

Front 13

Urethra

Back 13

prosthatic, membranous and penile urethra

conducts urine and semen

semen enters via ejaculatory duct

Front 14

3 accessory glands

Back 14

seminal vesicle X2, prostate X1, Bulbourethral X 2

Front 15

seminal vesicle

Back 15

X2 accessory glands
-60 % volume of semen

-fructose, ascorbic acid, coagulating enzyme, prostaglandin (thins cervical plug, & sperm motility)

Front 16

prostate

Back 16

encircles urethra

-30% of semen
-slightly acidic
-milky
-citrate fibrinolysin = liquification, lessens clumping
-hyaluronidase = allows sperm to gain access to the oocyte

Front 17

bulbourethral (cowper's gland)

Back 17

-preejaculatory fluid, lubicrates
-increases the pH

Front 18

semen composition

Back 18

-milky, white, sticky

contains
-sperm
-accessory gland secretions
-relaxin (speeds up sperm), prostaglandin, alkalinity, seminalplasmin (antibacterial) clotting factors, fibrinolysin

2-5 ml produced
-100 million sperm

Front 19

Erection

Back 19

under parasympathetic control

-nitric oxide causes vasodilation
-more visually oriented
-corpora cavernosa swell and retain blood
-corpora spongiosum swells and maintains urethra patency
-spinal reflex

Front 20

ejaculation

Back 20

sympathetic control

-contraction of accessory organs & ducts
-bladder sphincter contracts (prevents retrograde ejacs & urine)
-bulbospongiosus muscle
-latent period not able to shoot again

Front 21

spermatoegnesis

Back 21

12-14 yrs old (puberty)

200-400 million produced per day

sperm produced are haploid

spermatogonium change into sperm

Front 22

sustenacular cells

Back 22

nourish sperm while they are maturing

aka sertoli cells

tight junctions prevent sperm from entering the blood stream

Front 23

total time for sperm production

Back 23

64-72 days

+20 for swim camp

Front 24

spermiogenesis

Back 24

formation of sperm (part of spermatogenesis)

Head - contains the DNA, helmet (acrosome, enzymes that help to break down the egg for entry)

Body - mitochondrial proliferation around the head end, manufactures ATP

Tail - whip like flagellum propels sperm forward

Front 25

impotence

Back 25

inability to attain an erection

Front 26

brain-testicular axis

Back 26

GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) - causes release of FSH & LH

LH - leydig cells stimulated to produce testosterone

FSH - stimulates sustenacular cells to produce andergen binding protein, which causes sperm to become more sensitive to testosterone and grow faster

Front 27

Inhibin

Back 27

released as more sperm are produced, stops the anterior pituitary from releasing FSH

Front 28

Testosterone

Back 28

heavy exposure in the womb, causes male sex characteristics

-causes spermatogenesis at puberty
-secondary sex characteristics
-anabolics (bone, muscle, size)
-Larynx, facial hair

Front 29

ovaries & formation steps

Back 29

oocyte maturation

Primordial Follicle (house for gametes) > Primary Follicle (more then 1 layer of cells, 2 or more = granulosa, fluid) > Secondary Follicle (Lake formation, atrum = 1 big lake) > vesicular follicle (graafian, secretion) > Corpus Luteum (increase hormone levels in prep for pregnancy) > Corpus Albuginea

Front 30

ovarian ligament

Back 30

attaches ovaries to the utuerus

Front 31

suspensory ligament

Back 31

holds ovary superiorily

Front 32

mesovarium

Back 32

holds the ovary in place

Front 33

estrogen

Back 33

secondary sex characteristics, LH surge, anabolic

Front 34

progesterone

Back 34

stimulate production of glycogen into the uterine cavity which helps nourish the fertilized ovum during the implantation process

Front 35

uterine (fallopian) tubes

Back 35

infundibulum - outstretched palm over the ovaries
-fimbriae = fingerlike stuctures that create a stirring motion bringing fluid into the infundibulum

Isthmus - fallopian tube to uterus

Ampulla - fallopian tube to the infundibulum/fimbrae

Front 36

histology of uterine tubes

Back 36

ciliated (move oocyte) & non ciliated (nourish cells)

transit time = 1 week

Front 37

mesosalpinx mesentary

Back 37

holds the fallopian tube together

Front 38

uterus

Back 38

body - main section
fundus - top part
cervix - lower part

Front 39

cervix

Back 39

lowest part of the uterus
-internal Os / Cervical canal / external Os

mucus plug (blocks bacteria, sperm)

Front 40

Uterus supports (4)

Back 40

1) mesometrium

2) lateral cervical/cardinal

3) uterosacral

4) round (labia majora)

Front 41

uterine layers and histology

Back 41

perimetrium / myometrium / endometrium (stratum basalis & stratum functionalis)

simple columnar

Front 42

Vagina histology & facts

Back 42

layers
-adventitia
-muscularis (helps with ejaculation)
-mucosa (stratified squamous)/Rugae

high glycogen concentration (acidic environment)

Front 43

female external genitalia similarities

Back 43

labia minora (small lips no hair) - ventral penis / spongiosum

labia majora (big lips, hair) - scrotum

clitoris - glans (penis)

Front 44

mammary glands

Back 44

modified sweat glands

suspensory ligaments - natural bra, attaches directly to the thoracic wall for support

lobes - divided into smaller LOBULES produce milk

Front 45

follicle

Back 45

Primordial > primary > secondary > vesicular

Front 46

oocyte

Back 46

primary > secondary (fertilized) > OVUM

Front 47

ovarian cycle 2 phases

Back 47

follicular & luteal - 28 days

Luteal is constant

Front 48

follicular phase

Back 48

1-14 days

-primordial follicle becomes primary follicle
-primary becomes secondary (2 layers/lakes)
-secondary becomes vesicular (giant lake)
-ovulation

Front 49

luteal phase

Back 49

day 14-28
-corpus luteum forms, progesterone released helping to provide nice environment for fertilization

Front 50

middle schmirz

Back 50

middle pain during ovulation

Front 51

hormonal interactions with cycle

Back 51

GnRH stimulates release of FSH & LH

FSH simulates follicule maturation

LH stimulates thecal cells to produce estrogen

Estrogen inhibits FSH/LH release and causes build up

eventual estrogen with cause LH spike, ovulation , and corpus luteum

Rising estrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH and LH

Front 52

3 phases of the menstrual cycle

Back 52

menstrual, proliferative, secretory

Front 53

menstrual

Back 53

days 1-5
shedding tissue
GnRH increase (FSH & LH)
-vasoconstriction first and then vasodilation which casues the bleeding

Front 54

proliferative

Back 54

days 6-14
-new functional layer
-thicker endometrium arrives
-uterine glands grow, secrete glycogen, energy source for fertilized and implanted egg prior to placenta
-progesterone receptors
-cervical mucus becomes thinner (for sperm access)

Front 55

secratory

Back 55

days 15-28
-progesterone levels increase
-endometrium secretes glycogen
-mucus plug forms (to keep out bacteria)
-LH levels decrease
-iif no fertilization corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone decreases and shedding occurs

Front 56

Estrogen

Back 56

causes puberty
-starts egg production and maturation
-anabolic effect of reproductive organs
-secondary sex characteristics (pubic hair, breasts etc)

Front 57

sexual response in females

Back 57

spinal reflex, similar to males, erection of nipples, clitoris, vaginal mucosa, vestibular glands

Front 58

orgasm

Back 58

females
-no refractory period
-multiple possible
-not needed for fertilization

Front 59

hormones

Back 59

chemical messengers that travel throughout the body causing changes. small amount & receptor required

Front 60

2 classes of hormones

Back 60

Amino acid based
-water soluble

Steroid (synthesized from cholesterol)
-lipid soluble

Front 61

How do hormones bring about a change?

Back 61

-increase premiability of the membrane due to an ion channel
-increase or decrease enzymes
-mitosis
-stimulate the production of proteins

Front 62

Secondary Messenger System

Back 62

-hormones binds to a specific receptor
-G protein is activated
-affector chemical (embedded enzyme) activates second messenger


typically adenalyte cyclase is the effector and Cyclic AMP is the 2nd messenger

Front 63

lipid soluble gene activation

Back 63

-hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane

-binds to receptor chaperonin complex in the nucleus

-chaperonin dissasociates from the receptor and the hormone receptor complex binds to a specific sequence on the DNA initiating transcription of the gene

-mRNA formed migrates to the cytoplasm where it directs synthesis of the specific protein

Front 64

target cell specificity

Back 64

water soluble hormones

-each hormone has a specific receptors

Front 65

up/down regulation

Back 65

changing numbers of receptors

need more drugs (down regulation, so receptors are not permanently over stimulated)

up regulation if need more stimulation, not as much hormone

Front 66

half life

Back 66

rate of degredation is related to the rate of release

Front 67

Permissiveness, Synergism, Antagonism

Back 67

permissiveness - need another hormone (unreletated) to be effective, estrogen and thyroid hormone

synergism - two hormones multiply effects with each other, epinephrine and glucagon, massive release of glucose from the liver

antagonism - one hormone opposes the action of another (parathyroid hormone and calcitonin)

Front 68

three types of endocrine gland stimuli

Back 68

1) humoral - endocrine glands secrete hormones in response to changing blood levels

2) nueral - nerve fibers stimulate release (eppie/noreppie adrenal medulla)

3) hormonal - hormones released in response to other hormones

Front 69

Pituitary names

Back 69

hypophysis

anterior = adenohypophysis
posterior = nuerohypophysis
-outgrowth of brain tissue, stores hormones

Front 70

growth hormone

Back 70

anterior pituitary
-anabolic (increased size)

Gigantism (still growing, excessive GH)

Acromegaly (exessive GH after done growing, big hands, face, feet)

Dwarfism - low to no GH

Front 71

ACTH

Back 71

Adrenocroticotrophic hormone,
-adrenal gland

Front 72

gonadotropins

Back 72

LH/FSH

Front 73

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Back 73

TSH
-stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone

Front 74

Prolactin

Back 74

production of milk during pregnancy

Front 75

oxytocin

Back 75

positive feedback mechanism
-uterine contraction
-milk ejection

Front 76

ADH

Back 76

(vasopressin)
-H20 Reabsorption
-Diabetes insipidous (decreased release of ADH, pee alot)

Front 77

SIADH

Back 77

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic hormone secretion

-no pee at all regardless of osmolality

Front 78

thyroid

Back 78

anterior to trachea, highly vascularized, inferior to larynx

-made up of follicle cells
-colloid

Front 79

metabolic hormone

Back 79

increases the basal metabolic rate

increased heart rate

Front 80

hypothyroidism

Back 80

decreased production of thyroid hormones

-myxedma (adults)
lethargy, mental sluggishness, puffy face, dry skin,

Front 81

cretinism

Back 81

hypothyroidism in utero
-mental retardation
-long tongue
-short neck

Front 82

hyperthyroidism

Back 82

graves disease
-autoimmune disease
-women at greater risk
-constantly turned on thyroid
-atrial fib
-fluid behind the eyes leads to bulging

Front 83

calcitonin

Back 83

stimulates osteoblasts due to increased calcium

Front 84

adrenal cortex

Back 84

sits on top of kidneys (cortex outside, medulla inside)

corticosteroids - stimulated by ACTH

Mineral corticoids
-aldosterone regulating certain ions in blood Na/K, affect amount of H20 reabsorption

Front 85

glucocorticoids

Back 85

cortisol
-energy metabolism
-maintainance of stress

Front 86

cushing's syndrome

Back 86

-redistribution of fat
-buffalo hump
-bruising
-skin tears
-edema

Front 87

Medulla

Back 87

epi/noreppie
-fight or flight

Front 88

pancreas

Back 88

islets of laangerhans

alpha cells - glucagon

beta cells - insulin

Front 89

chromosome count

Back 89

23 pairs of homologous chromosomes (46 total)

Front 90

Y chromosome

Back 90

much smaller then X, tells to make a penis

Front 91

Karyotype

Back 91

diploid chromosomal complement (colorfull line up)

Front 92

alleles

Back 92

matched genes at the same locus on homologous chromosomes (eye color etc)

Front 93

Pairs

Back 93

Homozygous Dominant/Recessive
Heterzygous

dominant - masks or supresses the expression of its partner

recessive - allele that is masked or supressed

Front 94

Rr & brown eyes

Back 94

Rr = genotype
brown eyes = phenotype (what is expressed)

Front 95

3 ways we have genetic variability

Back 95

1) independent assortment - the way the sister chromatids line up for division during meiosis

2) crossover, homologous chromosomes synapse in meiosis I exchange peices

3) random selection of egg and sperm combination

Front 96

examples of dominant disorders

Back 96

achondroplasia (dwarfism), huntington's disease

Front 97

examples of recessive disorders

Back 97

albinism, cystic fibrosis, tay sachs

Front 98

carriers

Back 98

heterozygotes who do not express a trait but can pass it on to their offspring

Front 99

incomplete dominance

Back 99

heterozygous individuals, have traits from both

(sickle cell anemia, partially bad blood)

Front 100

sex linked inheritance

Back 100

the bad X's are never covered so diseases get transferred over
-colorblindness
-hemophilia
-baldness