Bi Sci 004 Exam 2

Front 1

Benign tumor

Back 1

abnormal mass of tissue surrounded by a capsule of connected tissue

remains at the site at which it was formed

can usually be removed through surgery

Front 2

apoptosis

Back 2

cell death

Front 3

Which is not part of the interphase?

Back 3

M phase

Front 4

stratified squamous tissue

Back 4

type of epithelium that contains many layers of flat cells

Front 5

which is not a connective tissue?

Back 5

skeletal muscle

Front 6

dense connective tissue

Back 6

forms tendons and ligaments

Front 7

How many times does smoking increase lung cancer risk?

Back 7

15 times

Front 8

glands mostly consist of ____________

Back 8

epithelial tissue

Front 9

most common type of cancer

Back 9

carcinoma

Front 10

which type of cancer results in the most deaths in proportion to the number of newly diagnosed patients?

Back 10

respiratory system cancer

Front 11

what type of muscle is striated?

Back 11

skeletal, cardiac, cartilage

Front 12

what type of muscle is not striated?

Back 12

smooth

Front 13

chondrocyte

Back 13

cartilage cell

Front 14

which are serous membranes

Back 14

peritoneum and pleural

Front 15

synovial membranes

Back 15

line the cavities of freely movable joints like the knee

secrete a fluid that lubricates joints

composed of connective tissue

Front 16

negative feedback loop

Back 16

the production of a process inhibits the process (doing something makes a change)

ex. I did not understand the material, so now I studied and I understand everything.

Front 17

positive feedback loop

Back 17

the production of a process intensifies the process

(a change isn't made)

ex. going more and more in debt

Front 18

melonacyte

Back 18

gives rise to a highly metastatic cancer

Front 19

synovial tissue

Back 19

consists entirely of connective tissue

Front 20

which type of connective tissue is in our ears and nose?

Back 20

cartilage

Front 21

function of the sebaceous gland

Back 21

secretes an oily/waxy substance that lubricates hair

Front 22

keratinocytes

Back 22

form multiple layers in the epithelial layer of the skin

Front 23

fibroblasts

Back 23

can be found in the epithelial layer of the skin

found in the Dermis

Front 24

peritoneum

Back 24

surrounds the abdominal cavity

Front 25

Which part of the long bone is completely ossified at birth?

Back 25

diaphysis

Front 26

sinuses

Back 26

air-filled cavities

Front 27

osteoblasts

Back 27

proliferating bone cells

stem cells for bone

Front 28

osteocytes

Back 28

non-proliferating bone cells embedded in the calcified substance hydroxyapatite

Front 29

osteoclasts

Back 29

cells that help dissolve the old bone for bone remodeling and repair

Front 30

osteons

Back 30

cylindrical structures that form the compact bones

Front 31

carpal

Back 31

hand bone

Front 32

axial skeleton

Back 32

skull, sternum, ribs, vertibra

Front 33

appendicular skeleton

Back 33

appendages

everything but the axial skeleton

Front 34

How many vertebrae are there in the human body?

Back 34

33

Front 35

thyroid

Back 35

gland that can secrete a hormone that increases bone building and stops bone loss

Front 36

spongy bone

Back 36

contains red bone marrow

Front 37

Which part of the bone contains the growth plate?

Back 37

epyphysis

Front 38

example of adduction

Back 38

lowering the arm

Front 39

muscle origin

Back 39

on a stationary bone

Front 40

muscle insertion

Back 40

on a bone that moves

Front 41

unit of myofibrils

Back 41

sacromere

Front 42

fascicle

Back 42

bundle of muscle cells

Front 43

example of abduction

Back 43

lifting the arm

Front 44

myoglobin

Back 44

responsible for the red color of the muscle

binds oxygen, providing an extra reserve of oxygen for muscles

Front 45

example of a hinge joint

Back 45

knee

Front 46

creatine phosphate

Back 46

can be used as a form of energy in the muscle

Front 47

Which ion is released from sarcoplasmic reticulum to promote muscle contraction?

Back 47

calcium

Front 48

ligaments

Back 48

connect bone to bone

Front 49

actin

Back 49

responsible for the light colored stripes of skeletal muscle fibers

Front 50

muscle fiber

Back 50

muscle cell

Front 51

which muscle is antagonist to quadriceps?

Back 51

hamstrings

Front 52

general senses

Back 52

temperature

pain

touch

pressure

proprioception (body position)

Front 53

which diseases are associated with neurotransmitter defects?

Back 53

Alzheimer's

Parkinson's

ADD

Front 54

presynaptic neuron exon

Back 54

brings an electrical impulse to a synapse

Front 55

sensory neurons

Back 55

carry signals to the CNS

Front 56

What forms white matter?

Back 56

myelinated neurons

Front 57

What is the mechanism of narcotic drug tolerance?

Back 57

body starts to produce more enzymes that break down the drugs

Front 58

function of a neurotransmitter

Back 58

transmission of a signal through a synapse

Front 59

schwann cells

Back 59

provide insulation to the neurons

Front 60

dendrites

Back 60

carry electrical signals towards the body of neurons

Front 61

What is the mechanism of depression associated with narcotic drug abuse?

Back 61

some of the receptor molecules are eliminated from the postsynaptic neuron leading to the decreased response to natural stimuli that do not lead to the release of as much neurotransmitter as narcotic drugs

Front 62

thalamus

Back 62

relays input between the brain and spinal cord

Front 63

which part of the brain controls balance and coordination?

Back 63

cerebellum

Front 64

which cerebrum lobe is responsible for touch sensation?

Back 64

parietal

Front 65

subdivision of the nervous system most active during sleep

Back 65

parasympathetic

Front 66

what is a part of the fast reflex arcs

Back 66

spinal cord

Front 67

nerve tracts

Back 67

bundles of axons in the central nervous system

Front 68

what does not effectively cross the blood brain barrier?

Back 68

cells

Front 69

functions of the cerebrospinal fluid

Back 69

shock absorption

nerve signal transmission

insulation

Front 70

hypothalamus

Back 70

responsible for homeostasis of the heart rate, breathing rate, temperature, and blood pressure

sex drive

Front 71

primary somatosensory and motor areas are parts of the ___________

Back 71

cerebrum

Front 72

which drug of abuse can cause dehydration?

Back 72

ecstacy

Front 73

which drug of abuse can cause death by stopping breathing?

Back 73

heroin

Front 74

cutaneous membranes

Back 74

cover the outside of the body and have waterproofing properties

form dry skin

Front 75

malignant tumor

Back 75

invades surrounding tissue

spreads to multiple locations

cancerous

Front 76

metastasis

Back 76

the spreading of a tumor to multiple locations

Front 77

How does cancer start?

Back 77

starts from a mutation in a single cell that allows it to divide uncontrollably

Front 78

sister chromatids

Back 78

banded together to form a chromosome

Front 79

four phases of the cell cycle (in order)

Back 79

G1

S

G2

M

Front 80

interphase

Back 80

G1

S

G2

Front 81

G1 Phase of cell cycle

Back 81

cell growth

Front 82

S phase of cell cycle

Back 82

DNA is copied

Front 83

G2 phase of cell cycle

Back 83

cell growth and preparation for division

Front 84

M phase of the cell cycle

Back 84

1. Mitosis - four phases

2. Cytokinesis

Front 85

mitosis

Back 85

division of the nucleus

Front 86

cytokinesis

Back 86

division of the cytoplasm

starts before completion of mitosis

Front 87

four phases of mitosis (in order)

Back 87

prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Front 88

prophase

Back 88

sister chromatids form

nuclear membrane breaks down

mitotic spindle forms

Front 89

metaphase

Back 89

chromatids attach to mitotic spindle and form a line at the center of the cell

Front 90

anaphase

Back 90

sister chromatids separate and move to two different poles

Front 91

telophase

Back 91

nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes at each pole

mitotic spindle disassembles

overlaps with cytokinesis

Front 92

G1 checkpoint

Back 92

Is cell division necessary?

Are growth factors present?

Is the cell large enough?

Are nutrients available?

Front 93

G2 checkpoint

Back 93

Was DNA replicated correctly?

Front 94

Metaphase checkpoint

Back 94

are all chromosomes attached to microtubules?

Front 95

Carcinogen

Back 95

an environmental agent that fosters the development of cancer

ex. tobacco, alcohol, pesticides

Front 96

carcinomas

Back 96

cancer of epithelial tissue

Front 97

leukemias

Back 97

cancer of blood or bone marrow

Front 98

sarcomas

Back 98

cancer of muscle, bone, or cartilage

Front 99

lymphomas

Back 99

cancer of lymphatic tissue

Front 100

simple squamous

Back 100

flattened cells that line the heart, lungs, and blood vessels

Front 101

simple cuboidal

Back 101

cube shaped cells found on the surface of ovaries and lining kidney tubules

Front 102

simple columnar

Back 102

rectangular cells that line the intestine, uterus, and respiratory tract

Front 103

stratified squamous

Back 103

many layers of flattened cells found on the surface of the skin and the lining of the mouth and the esophagus

Front 104

stratified cuboidal

Back 104

layers of cube shaped cells that line mammary gland ducts and sweat and salivary glands

Front 105

stratified columnar

Back 105

line the epididymis in the testes, mammary glands, and larynx

Front 106

exocrine glands

Back 106

secrete substances in hollow organs, ducts, and surfaces

Front 107

endocrine glands

Back 107

secrete substances into the bloodstream

Front 108

adhesion junctions

Back 108

connect cells in structures

Front 109

tight junctions

Back 109

seal the space between the cells

Front 110

gap junctions

Back 110

make channels between cells

Front 111

loose connective tissue

Back 111

connects epithelia to underlying tissue, holds organs in place, and acts as padding

Front 112

adipose tissue

Back 112

type of connective tissue

fat

insulates and protects organs

Front 113

cell for adipose tissue

Back 113

adipocytes

Front 114

cell for loose connective tissue

Back 114

fibroblasts

Front 115

cell for cartilage

Back 115

chondrocytes

Front 116

cell for bone

Back 116

osteocytes

Front 117

cell for muscle tissue

Back 117

muscle fibers

Front 118

What are muscle fibers composed of?

Back 118

actin and myosin

Front 119

cardiac muscles

Back 119

striated

branched

involuntary

don't reproduce after birth

Front 120

skeletal muscles

Back 120

striated

non-branched

voluntary

can grow in size by fusing with dividing muscle cells

Front 121

smooth muscles

Back 121

not striated

involuntary

work internal organs, blood vessels, and digestive system

Front 122

nervous tissue

Back 122

composed of neurons and neuroglia

conduct electrical impulses

Front 123

neuroglia

Back 123

nervous tissue that supports and nourishes neurons

Front 124

astrocytes

Back 124

star shaped cells that provide energy to neurons

Front 125

microglia

Back 125

cell that removes foreign substances from neurons

Front 126

dorsal cavity

Back 126

cranial cavity

vertebral canal

Front 127

ventral cavity

Back 127

thoratic cavity

abdominal cavity

Front 128

four types of body membranes

Back 128

mucous, serous, cutaneous, and synovial

Front 129

serous membranes

Back 129

line thoratic and abdominal cavities

secrete fluid that lubricates the organs

Front 130

mucous membranes

Back 130

moist epithelial tissue

line the tubes of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary systems

secrete substances that protect the body from bacterial and viral infections

Front 131

homeostasis

Back 131

the ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions under extreme situations

maintained primarily through negative feedback mechanisms

Front 132

three components of homeostatic mechanisms

Back 132

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

Front 133

integumentary system

Back 133

composed of the skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands, and wax glands

Front 134

two types of cells in epidermis

Back 134

keratinocytes and melanocytes

Front 135

type of cells in the dermis

Back 135

fibroblasts

Front 136

type of cell in hypodermis

Back 136

adipocytes

Front 137

medullary cavity of the bone

Back 137

contains yellow bone marrow

Front 138

1st step in the repair of a fracture

Back 138

formation of blood clot

Front 139

2nd step in the repair of a fracture

Back 139

formation of cartilaginous callus

Front 140

3rd step in the repair of a fractrue

Back 140

formation of body callus

Front 141

4th step in the repair of a fracture

Back 141

bone remodeling

Front 142

Hyoid bone

Back 142

involved in swallowing

Front 143

example of a ball and socket joint

Back 143

hip

Front 144

example of a pivot joint

Back 144

neck

Front 145

actin

Back 145

thin filaments

Front 146

myosin

Back 146

thick filaments

Front 147

slow twitch muscle cells

Back 147

designed for endurance

Front 148

fast twitch muscle cells

Back 148

designed for rapid, powerful response

Front 149

cross tolerance

Back 149

tolerance to one drug results in a lessened response to another, usually similar, drug

Front 150

brain stem

Back 150

governs heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, and coughing

Front 151

temporal lobe

Back 151

processes auditory and some visual information, as well as memory and emotion

Front 152

occipital lobe

Back 152

processes visual information

Front 153

parietal lobe

Back 153

processes touch information and deals with self awareness

Front 154

frontal lobe

Back 154

processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved with planning and organizing future behavior

Front 155

cerebral cortex

Back 155

wrinkled outer surface of the cerebrum

speech