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30 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are antibiotics?

chemical agent that have an important property of selective toxicity

What is selective toxicity?

chemicals have the property of being more toxic to one group compared to another (bacteria and humans)

Antibiotic Spectrum

the spectrum of which bacterial species can be inhibited or killed by an antibiotic (narrow and broad)

If a bacteria is sensitive to an antibiotic, it ________ and if it is resistant it ______

can be killed; cannot be killed

Kirby Bauer Assay

Assay used to determine the response, spectrum and effectiveness of antibiotics

The Zone of Inhibition

circular area of clearing around the disk post incubation, only if they are sensitive will this appear

A dose is?

the amount of antibiotics that can be consumed, applied or injected into the body. The dose makes the poison.

The minimum inhibitory concentration is the

lowest dose that will inhibit the growth of bacteria

MIC Assay

if the drug can inhibit cell growth at the concentration found in a given tube, then the broth in that tube will remain clear

Why is fecal contamination of water a problem?


This is a problem because when bacteria is present in water that we drink or use, it can cause disease and intestinal disorders in our bodies. This results in nausea, diarrhea and even more sever symptoms that can lead to death.

What are some waterborne diseases?

Salmonella poisoning, Polio, hepatitis a

What indicates the presence of fecal contamination?

Coliforms (are an indicator species)

What are coliform?

Gram - enterobacteriaceae, they are present when there is lactose fermentation.




They are adapted to the gut environment, easy to detect, only present when there is fecal contamination and not present when there isn't and their population density ratio is reflective upon the amount of fecal contamination.

Most probable number

estimate of the coliform density based on probability theory...0 1 2 or 3...positive = 5mm bubble

EMB medium characteristics

selective and differential, used during the confirmed test (you inoculate with positive presumptive cells)




lactose fermenting cells will be metallic green or dark purple in color

Steps of water analysis?

Presumptive, confirmed, completed

Urea Broth tube

tests and organisms ability to use urea as a source of nitrogen




fuchsia color is positive for urea production (alkaline)


yellow color is negative for urea production (acidic)

Durham Fermentation Tubes

test for the fermentation of mannitol or lactose




acidic pH is yellow and is -/+ for gas and + for acid


neutral or alkaline pH is - for gas and - for acid




organisms that can ferment and produce lactose and mannitol will produce acid and/or gas.



Nutrient Agar

If an organism can break down gelatin, the broth will be liquid and on a slant (above 32 degrees C) (+)




If not, the broth will be solid (below 32 degrees C) (-)

Citrate Agar Slant

Tests and organisms ability to use citrate as a source of carbon


pH 7.5 and higher will be blue (+)


Neutral pH will be green and (-)

Tryptic Soy Agar

catalase test, positive = bubbling, aerobic, H2O2

SIM Medium Testing

S- sulfide, positive if black participate forms


I- 6 drops Kovac's, positive for indole if red/pink ring (indole= chemical compound present in coal, tar and feces (odor))


M- motile (growth throughout or not)

Fluid Thio

Aero tolerance (aerobic at top, facultative throughout, anaerobic at bottom)



Effects of disinfectants and antiseptics

Static - inhibits microbial growth


Cidal- kills microorganisms

Uses of disinfectants and antiseptics

Dis- chemicals that are applied to nonliving or inanimate surfaces or objects


Anti-chemicals that are applied to living tissue (mucous membranes, skin)

Factors that influence the antimicrobial activity of chemical agents

pH, temperature, solubility of agent, interactions with other chemical in environment, initial size of population, types of microbes present

Phenol

denatures proteins, disrupts membranes



Alcohol

denatures proteins, disrupts membranes

Chlorine

chemically oxidizes many types of cell components

Phenol Coefficient

Value that can be determined in regards to the relation of a chemical's effectiveness against the disinfectant phenol