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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coccus
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sphere
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Bacillus
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rod
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Vibrio
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Comma
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Spirochaete
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flexible spiral
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Spirillum
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rigid spiral
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Akinetes
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-one big transformed cell
-huge spore -thick walls -lot of food -cyanobacteria -survive winter at the bottoms of lakes |
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Endospores
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-Many little spores
-thick walls -rood reserves -lighter, airborne bacteria -spores inside cells waiting to bust out |
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Biofilms
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-Complicated structures/multi-species colonies
-help microbes remain in favorable locations for growth |
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Biofilm diseases
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cystic fibrosis, Legionnaire's disease
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Quorum Sensing
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-fosters bioflim formation
-tells bacteria when to stop attracting to biofilm |
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Salmonellosis: salmonella enterica
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-1.3 million cases per year in US and 500 deaths
-6-48 hrs incubation; severe gastroenteritis -unpasteurized dairy products, uncooked poultry, eggs |
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Syphilis
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-33,000 cases in US/yr; 9/10 unreported
-Treponema (sporpchaete) -spread through sexual contact |
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Conjugation
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Transfer of plasmids between donor and recipient bacteria
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Transformation
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uptake of naked DNA in enviornment
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Transduction
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virus serves as DNA taxi
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Horizontal Gene Flow
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-Includes acquired immunity to antibiotics and other antagonists
-Environmental stress and proximity can motivate reciprocally beneficial symbiosis |
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Endosymbiosis
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-some euk organelles (moitochondria & chloroplasts) derived from bacteria
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Thylakoid
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-photosynthetic membrane
-highly organized -site of light reactions |
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Granum
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Stack of thylakoids
-stack: greater and more effective light |
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Stroma
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-Ground sunstance
-site of dark reactions -contains starch and 70s ribosomes |
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Chlorophyll a
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-primary pigment
-lipid soluble -absorbs light maximally at 430 and 622 nm -reflects green light |
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Accessory Pigments
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-absorb other wavelengths of light and transfer down to chlorophyll a
-protect against photo-oxidation -chlorophylls b, c, d |
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Carotenoids
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-accessory pigments
-carotenes and xanthophylls -yellow to orange to red |
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Phycobilins
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-water soluble
-in cyanobacteria and red algae/cryptomonads -pick up and neutralize radical O2 |
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Photosystem 2
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-P680
-transfers electron to primary electron acceptor -water is oxidized --> electrons and oxygen -E transfered through ETC in thylakoid membrane -chemiosmosis established -ATP made |
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Photosystem 1
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-P700
-excited by light -electrons used to make NADPH2, reducing power for dark reactions -Products: ATP; NADPH2 -fuel dark reactions |
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Calvin Cycle Products
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-6CO2 incorporated into carbs: 18 ATP hydrolyzed; 12 NADPH oxidized
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Carbon Fixation (CC)
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-CO2 incorporated into RuBP (rubisco catalyzes)
-product has 6C intermediate- 2 PGA |
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Reduction and Carb Production (CC)
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-ATP from light rxns used to make 12 PGAL (basis of life!)
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Regeneration of RuBP (CC)
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-10 PGAL converted into RuBP mols
-RuBP serves as acceptor for CO2, allowing cycle to continue |
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C4 Plants
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-Too much O2
-some tropical areas -Additional CO2 fixing enzyme (PEPco) -CO2 + PEP-> PEPco -> OAA -OAA converted to malic or aspartic acid -uncoupler enzyme -CO2 goes to CC **Geographic separation |
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CAM Plants
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-Too much O2
-some tropical areas -Additional CO2 fixing enzyme (PEPco) -CO2 + PEP-> PEPco -> OAA -OAA converted to malic or aspartic acid -uncoupler enzyme -CO2 goes to CC -No geographic separation -temporal (stomata open at night and build up PEPco) -CC during day |
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Cellular Respiration
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-cells obtain energy from organic molecules
-in mitochondria |
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Fermentation
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-no net oxidation
-alternative recipients of NADH's electrons |
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Conversion of N2 to ammonia and ammonium
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-N2 + ATP + H -> NH3, H2O -> NH4
-O2 damages nitrogenase, thus fixation requires low O sites |
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Tracking Matter and Energy
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-C3, C4 and CAM photosynthesis pathways have characteristic retention of heavy vs. light isotopes
-ratios differ among individuals because (1) different sources and (2) preferential use of particular isotopes |
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Primary Cell Wall
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-surrounds growing cells
-cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins |
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Secondary Cell Wall
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-surrounds cells that differentiate for specialization
-altered polysaccharide composition; often lignified |
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Cellulose
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-B1-4 linked glucose polymer
-individual chains associate via H-bonds -chains aligned parallel to each other to form microfibrils |
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Features of Cellulose
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-strength to wall
-pattern of cellulose deposition determines pattern of cell development -synthesized on plasma membrane |
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Hemicellulose
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-polysaccharides that tether cellulose microfibrils
-thinner microfibrils than cellulose -synthesized in Golgi Apparatus -packed in secretary vesicles -secreted to outside |
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Pectins Function
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-maintenance of cell wall structure
-Adhesion -Cell expansion -Ion uptake -pollen tube growth -fruit development |
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Pectins (general)
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-complex polysaccharides consisting of galacturonic acid (GalA)
-negative charge on sugar acid attracts positively charges ions like Ca2+ -> bind to form gels -heteropolymers can stop tumor growth -in food, pharmaceuticals, fiber |
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Lignins
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Complex phenolics found in secondary cell wall
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Middle Lamella
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Space between adjacent cell walls
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cytokinesis
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cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell divides into 2 daughter cells
-directed by microtubules |
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Plasmodesmata
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a narrow thread of cytoplasm that passes through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.
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Importance of cell walls
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-critical for survival of plants
-provide us with food, clothing, pharmaceuticals, building materials -most abundant biological material on planet -future of biofuels |
