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54 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Step 1: acylation of benzene mechanism

Step 2: acylation of benzene mechanism

Name the reagents in the acylation of benzene, state the catalyst

Ethanoyl chloride and the catalyst is aluminium chloride

Name the electrophile in the acylation of benzene

CH3C^+=O

How is the electrophile in the acylation of benzene formed?

The reaction between ethanoyl chloride and aluminium chloride

Draw out the structured equation for the reaction of benzene and ethanoyl chloride

Equation to form the electrophile in the acylation of benzene

Name a source of the electrophile SO3

Fuming sulfuric acid H2S2O7

What temp does the sulfonation of benzene occur at?

Room temp = 298k

In the nitrate on of benzene, what is benzene treated with and temp required

Con nitric acid and con sulphuric acid , not exceeding 50 oc

In the nitration of benzene, as temp increases there's more chance of...

More than one nitro group substituted on the ring

Benzene doesn't react with nitric acid , why?

It's not an ideal electrophile

What is the overall equation of the nitration of benzene?

Name the catalyst in the nitration of benzene

Sulthuric acid

Halogenation of benzene in the process of aluminium chloride or..

Iron bromide

Stage 1: halogenation of benzene with aluminium chloride

Stage 2: halogenation of benzene with aluminium chloride

Stage 1: halogenation of benzene with Fe (III) bromide (in the dark) mechanism

Halogenation of benzene in UV light results in which sort of reaction

Addition reactions

What can be used instead of iron (III) in the halogenation of benzene? Give the equation

Iron can be used instead because it reacts with some of the bromine present

In the halogenation of benzene give the equation of the polarised electrophile

The electrophile first forms a weak pi complex and then the more stable omega bond

Stage 1: halogenation of benzene with iron (III) bromide

Stage 2: halogenation of benzene using Fe (III) bromide

In stage 2 of the halogenation of benzene a proton is lost and then reacts to regenerate the catalyst state the catalyst and give the equation:

What does alkylation mean

Substituting an akyl group into a benzene ring

During alkylation of benzene what do yoy reflux benzene with

With a halogenalkane in the presence of a halogen carrier catalyst , such as aluminium chloride

Why does benzene have a higher boiling point than ethanol?

London forces between benzene molecules are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules

Draw out the struture of benzenediazonium ion

Temperature of benzenediazonium ion must be kept below 10 degrees because it eill turn into a..

Phenol

Why is a three step synthesis greener than a six step?

Yield is higher

What is a benefit of using a solid catalyst?

Catalyst is more easily recovered

Phenylamine and benzene react with bromine in a similar way. But phenylamine reacts faster, due to the fact that...

Lone pair of electrons of the nitrogen has on the benzene ring

What is the ion formed when dilute nitric acid reacts with phenylamine

Stage 2: Sulfonation of benzene mechanism

Stage 3 of sulfunation of benzene

What is the equation of the two stage process of benzenesulfonic with sodium hydroxide forming an intermediate and water? Stage 2 reaction is with HCl

.

The standard enthalpy change of benzene is less than the kekule struture. Benzene is more stable. What does this tell you about the bonding in benzene? How does this influence the type of chemical reactions that benzene undergo?

Benzene is more stable by 152


Double bond electrons are deolciased


Suggesting a resonance hybrid


Consisting of C-C and C=C


Substitution reactions rather than addition


The delocalised system remains stable

Name the end product of the sulfonation of benzene

Benzene sulfanoic acid

Why is phenol and methoxybezne more reactive than benzene? Oxygen

The oxygen have lone pairs which effect the benzene system, which increases the electron density of the system


Makes it more susceptible to electophile attacks

Why is sulfur trioxide a good electrophile?

It's a polar molecule with three electronegative oxygen attached to the sulfur, giving sulfur a slight postive charge

Stage 1: Sulfonation of benzene mechanism

Give the equation for the formation of the electophile in the nitration of benzene

Stage 1: nitration of benzene mechanism

As electophile approaches the benzene, deolciased electrons are strong attracted to the postive charge. Two electrons are part of the system anymore, ring becomes postive

Stage 2: Nitration of benzene mechanism

Draw the struture of HSO4^-

State the two roles the catalyst plays in the nitration of benzene

Removes the hydrogen from the ring and therefore is regenerated. The electrons are now restablised in the system

Apparatus of nitration of benzene

Round bottom flask held in cold water. The flask has a tap funnel containing benzene. Benzene should be slowly added. Heat is given out, hence why cold water is needed.

The overall equation of halogenation of benzene

What is the overall equation of alkylation of benzene?

What effect does the aluminium chloride have on the halogenalkane molecule in the alkylation of benzene

Polarises the halogenalkane molecule, promoting the formation of an electophilic alkyl cation

What is the electophile in the alkylation of benzene, write the equation for the electrophile

Stage 1: alkylation of benzene mechanism

Stage 2: alkylation of benzene mechanism

In the alkylation of benzene, what is the equation for the regeneration of the catalyst?