Bell Sociology Ch. 8 Vocabulary And People

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behavior that violates insignificant social norms

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deviance

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mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant aprt from the rest of the society

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stigma

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social scientists who study criminal behavior

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criminologists

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situation that arises when the norm of society are unclear or are no longer applicable

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anomie

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theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society

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strain theory

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theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as a natural occurance and conformity is seen as the result of social control

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control theory

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proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals

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differential association

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theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others

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cultural transmission theory

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suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts

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techniques of neutralization

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theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant

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labeling theory

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nonconformity indetected by authority in which the individual who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant and neither does society

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primary deviance

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nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of secondary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true

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secondary deviance

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the process of labeling an individual deviant

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degradation ceremony

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acts committed in violation of the law

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crime

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job-related crimes committed by high status people

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white-collar crime

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a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence

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crime syndicate

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threat or actual use of violence to achieve politcal goals

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terrorism

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system comprising institutions and processes responsible for enforcing criminal statute

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criminal-justice system

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the power to decide who is actually arrested

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police discretion

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the practice of assuming non-white Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans

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racial profiling

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process of legal neotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence

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plea bargaining

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sanctions- such as imprisonment, parole, and probation- used to punish criminals

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corrections

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repeated criminal behavior

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recidivism

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functionalist who developed strain theory

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Robert K. Morton

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conflict theorist who suggested that the ruling classes label as deviant any behavior that threatens their power base

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Richard Quinney

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control theorist who suggested that conformity is the result of self-control

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Travis Hirschi

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proposed the concept of differential association, suggesting that learning of deviant behavior occurs in primary groups

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Edwin Sutherland

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sociologist whose work heavily influenced labeling theory

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Edwin Lemert

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worked with Lemert in influencing labeling theory

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Howard Becker

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who called the process of labeling as degradation ceremony

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Harold Garfinkel