Behavioural Neuroscience Midterm

Front 1

how many spinal nerve pairs are there

Back 1

31

Front 2

how many cranial nerve pairs are there

Back 2

12

Front 3

cranial nerve pairs - name them

Back 3

Olfactory

optic

occulomotor

trochlear

trigeminal

abducens

facial

acoustic/auditory

glossopharyngeal

vagus

spinal accessory

hypoglossal

Front 4

purely sensory cranial nerve pairs - name them

Back 4

olfactory

optic

auditory

Front 5

where are the axons of the spinal nerve pairs

Back 5

in the PNS

Front 6

the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve pair

Back 6

Opthalmic (sensory)

Maxillary (sensory)

Mandibular (mixed)

Front 7

non experimental methods (2)

Back 7

quasiexperimental

case studies

Front 8

types of experimental method (2)

Back 8

between subjects design

within subjects design

Front 9

between subjects design

Back 9

different groups tested under different conditions

Front 10

within subjects design

Back 10

the same group tested under multiple conditions

Front 11

confounded variable

Back 11

3rd outside variable that isn't controlled by the experimenter

Front 12

biopsychology subdivisions (6)

Back 12

physiological psyc

psychopharmacology

neuropsychology

psychophysiology

cognitive neuroscience

comparative psyc + ethology

Front 13

Delgato and the charging bull - explain situation and significance

Back 13

delgato was a performer. he put an electrode into the brain of the bull, right on the right caudate nucleus. Stimulating this was a way to stop the bull from charging, which some interpreted as controlling aggression. It actually just controlled voluntary motor control. Be careful when interpreting results! Make sure it's good science!

Front 14

physiological psyc

Back 14

lab animals, brain manipulation (surgical, electrical)

basic research

the catchall category

Front 15

psychopharmacology

Back 15

drug manipulation of brain, lab animals

basic and applied

Front 16

neuropsychology

Back 16

effects of brain damage. human

q and case studies

Front 17

psychophysiology

Back 17

humans (non invasive - eye movement, fMRIs...)

basic and applied

Front 18

cognitive neuroscience

Back 18

neural basis of cognition. humans (non invasive - recording of brain activity)

Front 19

comparative psyc + ethology

Back 19

interpreting neurobiology of behaviour of whole/fntning organisms in their ecological and evolutionarily complex reality

Front 20

morgan's canon

Back 20

animals behaviour shouldn't be attributed to a higher reason when it can be explained by a simpler thing

occam's razor = law of parsimony

Front 21

higher count - neurons or glial cells

Back 21

glial cells by a long shot

Front 22

what part of a neuron determines it's "position" (eg when deciding whether it is in a nerve or a tract)

Back 22

the axon

Front 23

what do you call groups of neurons travelling together

Back 23

in PNS = nerves

in CNS = tracts

Front 24

is the corpus collosum grey or white matter

Back 24

white matter

Front 25

subdivisions of PNS

Back 25

somatic (sensations, external)

autonomic (internal, automatic fntns)

Front 26

somatic NS has...

Back 26

afferent nerves (from PNS to CNS) (sensory)

efferent nerves (from CNS to PNS) (motor)

Front 27

Autonomic NS has...

Back 27

afferent nerves (PNS to CNS) (sensory)

efferent nerves (CNS to (para)sympathetic NS, to ganglia)

Front 28

ganglia

Back 28

clusters of nerve cells (neurons in PNS)

Front 29

what are neurons in the PNS

Back 29

nerve cells

Front 30

where to parasympathetic nerves originate

Back 30

in brain (12 cranial nerve pairs), in sacral region

Front 31

where do sympathetic nerves originate

Back 31

in thoracic region, lumbar region

Front 32

parasympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal), and sympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal)

Back 32

relaxing

arousal

Front 33

how is the CNS protected? (4)

Back 33

bone protection (skull, vertebral canal)

meninges

CSF

blood brain barrier

Front 34

name the layers of the meninges (wrapped around the CNS) in order (outside to in)

Back 34

dura mater (thickest/toughest. white, sometimes still attached to brain)

Arachnoid layer (weblike, and the subarachnoid space is filed with CSF and blood)

pia mater (thin, adheres closely to surface of CNS)

Front 35

which cavities of CNS are filled with CSF

Back 35

all of them! Subarachnoid space, central canal, cerebral aquaduct (aquaduct of sylvius), 4 ventricles (2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth)

Front 36

what produces CSF

Back 36

choroid plexus (a network of blood vessels on pia mater)

constantly produced

Front 37

what drains CSF

Back 37

it drains into jugular veins constantly (and absorbed into blood in dural sinuses?)

Front 38

talk about blood brain barrier

Back 38

protection from chemical agents.

the gaps between the capillaries are teeny compared to the gaps found in the rest of the body and this makes it hard for things to move in and out. things can squeeze if they're small but for the most part this helps in keeping stuff out.

Front 39

cell body of neuron is ____ matter

Back 39

grey

Front 40

axon of neuron is ____ matter

Back 40

white

Front 41

button of neuron =

(and fntn?)

Back 41

end of axon

carries vesicles

Front 42

glial cells

Back 42

support nourish, interact with neurons.

Supportive but NOT secondary

can produce their own transmitters!

Front 43

types of glial cells

Back 43

satellite (PNS) (support neurons in ganglia)

schwann (PNS) (a type of satellite cell. myelinization guide during regeneration)

ogliodendrocytes (CNS) (wrap around axons -> myelinization)

astrocytes (CNS) (nourishment - contact betw blood vessels and neurons)

Front 44

myelin stain

Back 44

only myelinated fibres turn black

Front 45

nissl stain

Back 45

best at broad magnifications

cell bodies turn purple (so you can see concentrations/numbers but no internal structures)

can be good for seeing brain damage

Front 46

electron microscopy

Back 46

amazing detail

Front 47

neuroanatomical tracing

Back 47

can track path of fibers, intert fluorescent dye and follow the path!

anterograde (cell bodies -> innervated area)

retrograde (innervated -> cell bodies)

Front 48

central canal of spine carries _____

Back 48

CSF

Front 49

5 major subdivisions of brain

Back 49

Telencephalon (forebrain)(cerebral hemisphere)

diencephalon (forebrain)

mesencephalon (midbrain)

metencephalon (hindbrain)

myencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 50

myencephalon

Back 50

just above spinal cord.

main struts - mainly tracts; reticular formation

main fntns - sleep/arousal (attention), movement; muscular one; cardiac reflexes; circulatory and respiratory reflexes

Front 51

metencephalon

Back 51

just above myencephalon

main structs - cerebellum, pons(bridge)

main fntns -

pons(passage of fibers; origin of abducens, facial, trigeminal nerves)

cerebellum (fine motor control, balance, some cognitive fntns)

Front 52

mesencephalon

Back 52

main struct - tectum(=roof)(incl. superior and inferior colliculuses (visual and audio fntns respectively)

tegmentum(behaviour)(reticular formation;cerebral acquaduct; perlaqueductal grey (pain); substantia nigra (voluntary motor)(connected to striatum); red nucleus (motor))

Front 53

diencephalon

Back 53

main structs - thalamus(including medial and lateral geniculate nuclei and ventral posterior nucleus), hypothalamus(some nuclei here have neurosecretory fntns)

Front 54

telencephalon (general)

Back 54

main structs - cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia

fntns - voluntary motor; sensory interpretation; cog. processes(learning, speaking..)

Front 55

telencephalon (limbic system) fntns

Back 55

regulation of motivated behaviour (4 Fs)

emotions

learning/memory

Front 56

telencephalon (limbic system) structures

Back 56

amygdala

hippocampus

fornix (tract)

cingulate cortex

septum

mammiliary bodies

Front 57

telencephalon (basal ganglia) fntns and structs

Back 57

amygdala

striatum (including caudate, putamen)

globus pallidus

nucleus accumbens

voluntary motor, reward

Front 58

fissure

Back 58

a deep cleft

Front 59

sulcus

Back 59

a shallow cleft

Front 60

gyrus

Back 60

a ridge

Front 61

pyramidal cells

Back 61

pyramid shaped body, multipolar neuron (1 big apical dendrite, 1 long axon)

Front 62

stellate cell

Back 62

small star shaped interneuron

(in hippocampus, etc)

Front 63

where are interneurons mostly found

Back 63

in the top layers

Front 64

Lamarck thought...

Back 64

adaptations could be passed on

movement towards perfection

changes were made through conscious will

Front 65

darwin animals

Back 65

tortoises, finches

Front 66

darwin's observations, conclusions?

Back 66

organisms have the capacity to over produce and yet populations stay quite stable. so there must be a struggle for survival!

also, those with adaptive traits reproduce better, which led him to the conclusion of natural selection

Front 67

divergent evolution leads to ____ structures

Back 67

homologous (like human hand and whale fin bones)

Front 68

convergent evolution leads to ____ structures

Back 68

analogous (like insect and bird wings)

Front 69

spandrels

Back 69

evolutionary byproducts

Front 70

exaptations

Back 70

accidental fntns

Front 71

neodarwinism people

Back 71

Fisher

Haldane

Wright

Front 72

fitness

Back 72

ability of an organism to survive and to contribute its genes to the next generation

direct = genes from parents

inclusive = genes in family tree

Front 73

social living is adaptive (evolutionary)

Back 73

social dominance, mating bonds, courtship display......

greater access to resources, safety in numbers....

Front 74

speciation

Back 74

when a new species arises from extreme sexual selection, geographic barriers, etc

Front 75

evolution and the costs of parental care

Back 75

even if it kills the parent, they still pass on their genes so it's overall a beneficial instinct

Front 76

microRNAs

Back 76

mostly inhibitory (regulates ~60%)

Front 77

epigenetic effects of parental care

Back 77

nature and nurture cooperate!

Front 78

epigenetic changes (chromatin remodelling)

Back 78

DNA methylation (reduces transcription)

Histone modification (phosphorylation, acetlyation, methylation)(opens chromatin, encourages transcription)

Front 79

which one encourages transcription - methylation or acetylation?

Back 79

acetylation

Front 80

describe the significance of the songbird example

Back 80

shows nature vs nurture relationship. They are genetically predispositioned to be able to learn their song, but they need a male to actually learn it from

Front 81

two major songbird child phases

Back 81

Sensory - hatchling. They need to listen to a male singing the song of their species, but they don't actually sing yet

Sensorimotor - fledgling. They know the song, but need to hear themselves sing. they're practicing their song

Front 82

age limited learners (songbird example)

Back 82

the zebra finch.. once they reach a certain age their song just is what it is

Front 83

open ended learner (songbird example)

Back 83

the canary... as they age, they keep improving their song

Front 84

important ions:

Back 84

K+, Cl-, Na+, protein ions

Front 85

the inside of a cell tends to be more ____ charged

Back 85

negatively

Front 86

which ions are more concentrated inside the cell

Back 86

K+, protein ions

Front 87

which ions are more concentrated outside of the cell

Back 87

Cl-, Na+