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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
how many spinal nerve pairs are there |
31 |
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how many cranial nerve pairs are there |
12 |
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cranial nerve pairs - name them |
Olfactory optic occulomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial acoustic/auditory glossopharyngeal vagus spinal accessory hypoglossal |
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purely sensory cranial nerve pairs - name them |
olfactory optic auditory |
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where are the axons of the spinal nerve pairs |
in the PNS |
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the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve pair |
Opthalmic (sensory) Maxillary (sensory) Mandibular (mixed) |
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non experimental methods (2) |
quasiexperimental case studies |
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types of experimental method (2) |
between subjects design within subjects design |
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between subjects design |
different groups tested under different conditions |
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within subjects design |
the same group tested under multiple conditions |
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confounded variable |
3rd outside variable that isn't controlled by the experimenter |
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biopsychology subdivisions (6) |
physiological psyc psychopharmacology neuropsychology psychophysiology cognitive neuroscience comparative psyc + ethology |
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Delgato and the charging bull - explain situation and significance |
delgato was a performer. he put an electrode into the brain of the bull, right on the right caudate nucleus. Stimulating this was a way to stop the bull from charging, which some interpreted as controlling aggression. It actually just controlled voluntary motor control. Be careful when interpreting results! Make sure it's good science! |
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physiological psyc |
lab animals, brain manipulation (surgical, electrical) basic research the catchall category |
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psychopharmacology |
drug manipulation of brain, lab animals basic and applied |
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neuropsychology |
effects of brain damage. human q and case studies |
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psychophysiology |
humans (non invasive - eye movement, fMRIs...) basic and applied |
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cognitive neuroscience |
neural basis of cognition. humans (non invasive - recording of brain activity) |
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comparative psyc + ethology |
interpreting neurobiology of behaviour of whole/fntning organisms in their ecological and evolutionarily complex reality |
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morgan's canon |
animals behaviour shouldn't be attributed to a higher reason when it can be explained by a simpler thing occam's razor = law of parsimony |
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higher count - neurons or glial cells |
glial cells by a long shot |
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what part of a neuron determines it's "position" (eg when deciding whether it is in a nerve or a tract) |
the axon |
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what do you call groups of neurons travelling together |
in PNS = nerves in CNS = tracts |
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is the corpus collosum grey or white matter |
white matter |
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subdivisions of PNS |
somatic (sensations, external) autonomic (internal, automatic fntns) |
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somatic NS has... |
afferent nerves (from PNS to CNS) (sensory) efferent nerves (from CNS to PNS) (motor) |
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Autonomic NS has... |
afferent nerves (PNS to CNS) (sensory) efferent nerves (CNS to (para)sympathetic NS, to ganglia) |
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ganglia |
clusters of nerve cells (neurons in PNS) |
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what are neurons in the PNS |
nerve cells
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where to parasympathetic nerves originate |
in brain (12 cranial nerve pairs), in sacral region |
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where do sympathetic nerves originate |
in thoracic region, lumbar region |
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parasympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal), and sympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal) |
relaxing arousal |
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how is the CNS protected? (4) |
bone protection (skull, vertebral canal) meninges CSF blood brain barrier |
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name the layers of the meninges (wrapped around the CNS) in order (outside to in) |
dura mater (thickest/toughest. white, sometimes still attached to brain) Arachnoid layer (weblike, and the subarachnoid space is filed with CSF and blood) pia mater (thin, adheres closely to surface of CNS) |
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which cavities of CNS are filled with CSF |
all of them! Subarachnoid space, central canal, cerebral aquaduct (aquaduct of sylvius), 4 ventricles (2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth) |
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what produces CSF |
choroid plexus (a network of blood vessels on pia mater) constantly produced |
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what drains CSF |
it drains into jugular veins constantly (and absorbed into blood in dural sinuses?) |
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talk about blood brain barrier |
protection from chemical agents. the gaps between the capillaries are teeny compared to the gaps found in the rest of the body and this makes it hard for things to move in and out. things can squeeze if they're small but for the most part this helps in keeping stuff out. |
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cell body of neuron is ____ matter |
grey |
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axon of neuron is ____ matter |
white |
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button of neuron = (and fntn?) |
end of axon carries vesicles |
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glial cells |
support nourish, interact with neurons. Supportive but NOT secondary can produce their own transmitters! |
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types of glial cells |
satellite (PNS) (support neurons in ganglia) schwann (PNS) (a type of satellite cell. myelinization guide during regeneration) ogliodendrocytes (CNS) (wrap around axons -> myelinization) astrocytes (CNS) (nourishment - contact betw blood vessels and neurons) |
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myelin stain |
only myelinated fibres turn black |
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nissl stain |
best at broad magnifications cell bodies turn purple (so you can see concentrations/numbers but no internal structures) can be good for seeing brain damage |
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electron microscopy |
amazing detail |
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neuroanatomical tracing |
can track path of fibers, intert fluorescent dye and follow the path! anterograde (cell bodies -> innervated area) retrograde (innervated -> cell bodies) |
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central canal of spine carries _____ |
CSF |
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5 major subdivisions of brain |
Telencephalon (forebrain)(cerebral hemisphere) diencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) metencephalon (hindbrain) myencephalon (hindbrain) |
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myencephalon |
just above spinal cord. main struts - mainly tracts; reticular formation main fntns - sleep/arousal (attention), movement; muscular one; cardiac reflexes; circulatory and respiratory reflexes |
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metencephalon |
just above myencephalon main structs - cerebellum, pons(bridge) main fntns - pons(passage of fibers; origin of abducens, facial, trigeminal nerves) cerebellum (fine motor control, balance, some cognitive fntns) |
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mesencephalon |
main struct - tectum(=roof)(incl. superior and inferior colliculuses (visual and audio fntns respectively) tegmentum(behaviour)(reticular formation;cerebral acquaduct; perlaqueductal grey (pain); substantia nigra (voluntary motor)(connected to striatum); red nucleus (motor)) |
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diencephalon |
main structs - thalamus(including medial and lateral geniculate nuclei and ventral posterior nucleus), hypothalamus(some nuclei here have neurosecretory fntns) |
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telencephalon (general) |
main structs - cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia fntns - voluntary motor; sensory interpretation; cog. processes(learning, speaking..) |
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telencephalon (limbic system) fntns |
regulation of motivated behaviour (4 Fs) emotions learning/memory |
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telencephalon (limbic system) structures |
amygdala hippocampus fornix (tract) cingulate cortex septum mammiliary bodies |
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telencephalon (basal ganglia) fntns and structs |
amygdala striatum (including caudate, putamen) globus pallidus nucleus accumbens voluntary motor, reward |
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fissure |
a deep cleft |
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sulcus |
a shallow cleft |
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gyrus |
a ridge |
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pyramidal cells |
pyramid shaped body, multipolar neuron (1 big apical dendrite, 1 long axon) |
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stellate cell |
small star shaped interneuron (in hippocampus, etc) |
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where are interneurons mostly found |
in the top layers |
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Lamarck thought... |
adaptations could be passed on movement towards perfection changes were made through conscious will |
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darwin animals |
tortoises, finches |
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darwin's observations, conclusions? |
organisms have the capacity to over produce and yet populations stay quite stable. so there must be a struggle for survival! also, those with adaptive traits reproduce better, which led him to the conclusion of natural selection |
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divergent evolution leads to ____ structures |
homologous (like human hand and whale fin bones) |
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convergent evolution leads to ____ structures |
analogous (like insect and bird wings) |
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spandrels |
evolutionary byproducts |
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exaptations |
accidental fntns |
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neodarwinism people |
Fisher Haldane Wright |
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fitness |
ability of an organism to survive and to contribute its genes to the next generation direct = genes from parents inclusive = genes in family tree |
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social living is adaptive (evolutionary) |
social dominance, mating bonds, courtship display...... greater access to resources, safety in numbers.... |
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speciation |
when a new species arises from extreme sexual selection, geographic barriers, etc |
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evolution and the costs of parental care |
even if it kills the parent, they still pass on their genes so it's overall a beneficial instinct |
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microRNAs |
mostly inhibitory (regulates ~60%) |
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epigenetic effects of parental care |
nature and nurture cooperate! |
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epigenetic changes (chromatin remodelling) |
DNA methylation (reduces transcription) Histone modification (phosphorylation, acetlyation, methylation)(opens chromatin, encourages transcription) |
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which one encourages transcription - methylation or acetylation? |
acetylation |
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describe the significance of the songbird example |
shows nature vs nurture relationship. They are genetically predispositioned to be able to learn their song, but they need a male to actually learn it from |
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two major songbird child phases |
Sensory - hatchling. They need to listen to a male singing the song of their species, but they don't actually sing yet Sensorimotor - fledgling. They know the song, but need to hear themselves sing. they're practicing their song |
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age limited learners (songbird example) |
the zebra finch.. once they reach a certain age their song just is what it is |
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open ended learner (songbird example) |
the canary... as they age, they keep improving their song |
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important ions: |
K+, Cl-, Na+, protein ions |
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the inside of a cell tends to be more ____ charged |
negatively |
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which ions are more concentrated inside the cell |
K+, protein ions |
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which ions are more concentrated outside of the cell |
Cl-, Na+ |