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87 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

how many spinal nerve pairs are there

31

how many cranial nerve pairs are there

12

cranial nerve pairs - name them

Olfactory


optic


occulomotor


trochlear


trigeminal


abducens


facial


acoustic/auditory


glossopharyngeal


vagus


spinal accessory


hypoglossal

purely sensory cranial nerve pairs - name them

olfactory


optic


auditory

where are the axons of the spinal nerve pairs

in the PNS

the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve pair

Opthalmic (sensory)


Maxillary (sensory)


Mandibular (mixed)

non experimental methods (2)

quasiexperimental


case studies

types of experimental method (2)

between subjects design


within subjects design

between subjects design

different groups tested under different conditions

within subjects design

the same group tested under multiple conditions

confounded variable

3rd outside variable that isn't controlled by the experimenter

biopsychology subdivisions (6)

physiological psyc


psychopharmacology


neuropsychology


psychophysiology


cognitive neuroscience


comparative psyc + ethology

Delgato and the charging bull - explain situation and significance

delgato was a performer. he put an electrode into the brain of the bull, right on the right caudate nucleus. Stimulating this was a way to stop the bull from charging, which some interpreted as controlling aggression. It actually just controlled voluntary motor control. Be careful when interpreting results! Make sure it's good science!

physiological psyc

lab animals, brain manipulation (surgical, electrical)


basic research


the catchall category

psychopharmacology

drug manipulation of brain, lab animals


basic and applied

neuropsychology

effects of brain damage. human


q and case studies

psychophysiology

humans (non invasive - eye movement, fMRIs...)


basic and applied

cognitive neuroscience

neural basis of cognition. humans (non invasive - recording of brain activity)

comparative psyc + ethology

interpreting neurobiology of behaviour of whole/fntning organisms in their ecological and evolutionarily complex reality

morgan's canon

animals behaviour shouldn't be attributed to a higher reason when it can be explained by a simpler thing


occam's razor = law of parsimony

higher count - neurons or glial cells

glial cells by a long shot

what part of a neuron determines it's "position" (eg when deciding whether it is in a nerve or a tract)

the axon

what do you call groups of neurons travelling together

in PNS = nerves


in CNS = tracts

is the corpus collosum grey or white matter

white matter

subdivisions of PNS

somatic (sensations, external)


autonomic (internal, automatic fntns)

somatic NS has...

afferent nerves (from PNS to CNS) (sensory)


efferent nerves (from CNS to PNS) (motor)

Autonomic NS has...

afferent nerves (PNS to CNS) (sensory)


efferent nerves (CNS to (para)sympathetic NS, to ganglia)

ganglia

clusters of nerve cells (neurons in PNS)

what are neurons in the PNS

nerve cells

where to parasympathetic nerves originate

in brain (12 cranial nerve pairs), in sacral region

where do sympathetic nerves originate

in thoracic region, lumbar region

parasympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal), and sympathetic NS is for (relaxing/arousal)

relaxing


arousal

how is the CNS protected? (4)

bone protection (skull, vertebral canal)


meninges


CSF


blood brain barrier

name the layers of the meninges (wrapped around the CNS) in order (outside to in)

dura mater (thickest/toughest. white, sometimes still attached to brain)


Arachnoid layer (weblike, and the subarachnoid space is filed with CSF and blood)


pia mater (thin, adheres closely to surface of CNS)

which cavities of CNS are filled with CSF

all of them! Subarachnoid space, central canal, cerebral aquaduct (aquaduct of sylvius), 4 ventricles (2 lateral, 1 third, 1 fourth)

what produces CSF

choroid plexus (a network of blood vessels on pia mater)


constantly produced

what drains CSF

it drains into jugular veins constantly (and absorbed into blood in dural sinuses?)

talk about blood brain barrier

protection from chemical agents.


the gaps between the capillaries are teeny compared to the gaps found in the rest of the body and this makes it hard for things to move in and out. things can squeeze if they're small but for the most part this helps in keeping stuff out.

cell body of neuron is ____ matter

grey

axon of neuron is ____ matter

white

button of neuron =


(and fntn?)

end of axon


carries vesicles

glial cells

support nourish, interact with neurons.


Supportive but NOT secondary


can produce their own transmitters!

types of glial cells

satellite (PNS) (support neurons in ganglia)


schwann (PNS) (a type of satellite cell. myelinization guide during regeneration)


ogliodendrocytes (CNS) (wrap around axons -> myelinization)


astrocytes (CNS) (nourishment - contact betw blood vessels and neurons)

myelin stain

only myelinated fibres turn black

nissl stain

best at broad magnifications


cell bodies turn purple (so you can see concentrations/numbers but no internal structures)


can be good for seeing brain damage

electron microscopy

amazing detail

neuroanatomical tracing

can track path of fibers, intert fluorescent dye and follow the path!




anterograde (cell bodies -> innervated area)


retrograde (innervated -> cell bodies)

central canal of spine carries _____

CSF

5 major subdivisions of brain

Telencephalon (forebrain)(cerebral hemisphere)


diencephalon (forebrain)


mesencephalon (midbrain)


metencephalon (hindbrain)


myencephalon (hindbrain)

myencephalon

just above spinal cord.


main struts - mainly tracts; reticular formation


main fntns - sleep/arousal (attention), movement; muscular one; cardiac reflexes; circulatory and respiratory reflexes

metencephalon

just above myencephalon


main structs - cerebellum, pons(bridge)


main fntns -


pons(passage of fibers; origin of abducens, facial, trigeminal nerves)


cerebellum (fine motor control, balance, some cognitive fntns)

mesencephalon

main struct - tectum(=roof)(incl. superior and inferior colliculuses (visual and audio fntns respectively)


tegmentum(behaviour)(reticular formation;cerebral acquaduct; perlaqueductal grey (pain); substantia nigra (voluntary motor)(connected to striatum); red nucleus (motor))



diencephalon

main structs - thalamus(including medial and lateral geniculate nuclei and ventral posterior nucleus), hypothalamus(some nuclei here have neurosecretory fntns)

telencephalon (general)

main structs - cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia


fntns - voluntary motor; sensory interpretation; cog. processes(learning, speaking..)

telencephalon (limbic system) fntns

regulation of motivated behaviour (4 Fs)


emotions


learning/memory

telencephalon (limbic system) structures

amygdala


hippocampus


fornix (tract)


cingulate cortex


septum


mammiliary bodies

telencephalon (basal ganglia) fntns and structs

amygdala


striatum (including caudate, putamen)


globus pallidus


nucleus accumbens




voluntary motor, reward

fissure

a deep cleft

sulcus

a shallow cleft

gyrus

a ridge

pyramidal cells

pyramid shaped body, multipolar neuron (1 big apical dendrite, 1 long axon)

stellate cell

small star shaped interneuron


(in hippocampus, etc)

where are interneurons mostly found

in the top layers

Lamarck thought...

adaptations could be passed on


movement towards perfection


changes were made through conscious will

darwin animals

tortoises, finches

darwin's observations, conclusions?

organisms have the capacity to over produce and yet populations stay quite stable. so there must be a struggle for survival!


also, those with adaptive traits reproduce better, which led him to the conclusion of natural selection

divergent evolution leads to ____ structures

homologous (like human hand and whale fin bones)

convergent evolution leads to ____ structures

analogous (like insect and bird wings)

spandrels

evolutionary byproducts

exaptations

accidental fntns

neodarwinism people

Fisher


Haldane


Wright

fitness

ability of an organism to survive and to contribute its genes to the next generation


direct = genes from parents


inclusive = genes in family tree

social living is adaptive (evolutionary)

social dominance, mating bonds, courtship display......


greater access to resources, safety in numbers....

speciation

when a new species arises from extreme sexual selection, geographic barriers, etc

evolution and the costs of parental care

even if it kills the parent, they still pass on their genes so it's overall a beneficial instinct

microRNAs

mostly inhibitory (regulates ~60%)

epigenetic effects of parental care

nature and nurture cooperate!

epigenetic changes (chromatin remodelling)

DNA methylation (reduces transcription)


Histone modification (phosphorylation, acetlyation, methylation)(opens chromatin, encourages transcription)

which one encourages transcription - methylation or acetylation?

acetylation

describe the significance of the songbird example

shows nature vs nurture relationship. They are genetically predispositioned to be able to learn their song, but they need a male to actually learn it from

two major songbird child phases

Sensory - hatchling. They need to listen to a male singing the song of their species, but they don't actually sing yet




Sensorimotor - fledgling. They know the song, but need to hear themselves sing. they're practicing their song

age limited learners (songbird example)

the zebra finch.. once they reach a certain age their song just is what it is

open ended learner (songbird example)

the canary... as they age, they keep improving their song

important ions:

K+, Cl-, Na+, protein ions

the inside of a cell tends to be more ____ charged

negatively

which ions are more concentrated inside the cell

K+, protein ions

which ions are more concentrated outside of the cell

Cl-, Na+