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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What to understand |
Ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior |
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Foundations for generating behavior 6 |
Natural selection Individual learning Social learning Variation in traits eg morphology Heritability Competition |
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For a behavior to evolve |
Must be a variation Must be heritable |
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Natural selection |
Organisms is better adapted to environment and tends to have high survival and reproduction rate |
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Sexual selection factors 5 |
Fitness Strength Morphological features Resources Territory |
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Proximate causing |
(Immediate) how a behavior works eg. hormones, nervous system, external environment |
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Ultimate causation |
(Historical) why has a behavior evolved. What purpose does it have |
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How to answer why questions 4 |
Casual explanation Developmental Functional Evolutionary |
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Measuring behaviors |
Repeatable acts eg. Hissing Ethogram- inventory of actions |
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Ways to measure 4 |
Focal animal sampling- choose individual from group Ad libitum sampling- note down all things relevant Scan sampling- note behavior of many individuals once at regular time intervals Behavior sampling - focusing on one behaviour |
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Economy of energy |
Increase survival Fitness Less energy used |
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Instinctive behavior |
Will be preformed by the whole group eg. Spider webs |
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Biological clock |
Internal rhythm or clock to program animal behaviour into sync |
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Habituation |
By becoming accustom to something |
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Imprinting |
Recognition and attraction towards another animal of same kind |
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Spatial learning |
Encoding information about their environment |
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Associative learning |
Learning association between 2 stimuli |
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Social learning |
Learning from one another |
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Migration triggers 4 |
Climate Food or water Season Reproductive cycle |
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Avoid predation 2 |
Move in large numbers Safe routes |
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How to avoid exhaustion 4 |
Stock up on fat Shrinking on non important organs Nocturnal restlessness Wind currents |
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Avoid getting lost 3 |
Inherit genetics from parent's Learning Visual cues |
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Patch theory selection |
Should be abandoned when the patch when the rate of return is at the maximum value |
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Food costs |
Time is takes to find, handle and prepare Profit= energy ÷ time |
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Patch quality 4 |
Trade offs Travel cost of changing sites Predation risk Patch variation - may be bigger but worse food |
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Optimal foraging theory decisions 5 |
What to eat How much Time spent foraging vs energetic return Cost and benefits Resource defence |
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Implications and importance 2 |
Individual should stay longer as distance between patches increases Or when the patch is more profitable |
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Optimal foraging theory |
How to decide where to go to forage from food. When to leave/stay. Why. Where |
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Optimal Foraging theory |
Helps predict how an animal behaves when searching for food. Maximises benefits and minimises costs |
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Ideal free distribution |
Resource matching- animal should have knowledge on which patch of resources is ideal |
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The resident advantage 2 |
60-80% residents will have advantages More reasons to win |
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Aggression 4 |
Communication Associated with intraspecific competition Want to avoid fighting as it has a high cost Starts with visual cues |
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Intrasexual selection |
One sex fights among themselves. Male vs male |
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Sexual selection 2 |
Female more picky Eggs more expensive |
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Dimorphism |
Competition between males may lead to extreme sexual dimorphism |
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Intersexual selection |
One sex advertises. Male to female |
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Sexual suicide |
Offers up body as gift |
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Evolutionary stable strategy |
A population cannot be invaded by others with different strategies |
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Game theory |
Framework of strategies which competition can be modelled |
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Hawk |
Fight or kill opponent in spite of personal injury. Will always fight |
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Dove |
Threats and displays but avoids fighting. Will always retreat |
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Helpers at the nest |
Primary - offspring of pair not involved in mating (altruistic) Secondary - goes out and finds new group to help |
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Eusociality |
Extreme reproductive altruism eg bee and amts |
