Behaviour Modification Application

Front 1

When is behaviour said to have generality

Back 1

A behaviour change is said to have generality to the extent that the following occur:

a)stimulus generalization- the trained behaviour transfers from the training situations to the target situation which is usually the natural environment

b)response generalization - training leads to the devleopemtn of new behaviour that has not been specifically trained

c)behaviour maintenance- the trained behaviour persists in the target situations over time

Front 2

Define stimulus generalization and give an example that is not in this chapter

Back 2

stimulus generalization refers to the procedure of reinforcing the response in the presence of a stimulus or situation, and the effect of the response becoming more probable. Example in the following instructions of patents at home s well as the institution of day care workers outside the home.

Front 3

List four tactics for programming operant stimulus generalization. Give an example of each.

Back 3

Four tactics are train in the target situation, vary the training conditions, program common stimuli, train sufficient stimulus exemplars

Front 4

Describe the generalization strategy referred to as general case programming give an example

Back 4

General case programming involves the teachers beginning by identifying the range of relevant stimulus situation to which a learner will be expected to respond and the response variations the might be required, the learners behaviour and acceptable variations are then brought under the control of samples of the range of relevant stimuli

Front 5

defined response generalization

Back 5

Response generalization refers to the procedure of reinforcing a response in the present of a stimulus or situation, and the effect of another response coming more probable in that or similar stimuli or situations

Front 6

Briefly describe four tactics for programming operant behaviour maintenance

Back 6

use of behavioural trapping (talking becomes trapped by reinforcers in natural environment), changing the behaviour of people in the natural environment , using intermittent schedules of reinforcement ini the target situations (vI schedule), giving the control to the individual (self help books)

Front 7

What is meant by recruitment of reinforcement

Back 7

involves the learning emitting a desirable behaviour and drawing someones attention to their good work thud making it more likely that their behaviour will be reinforced. An example would a student sharing their good grade with a friend

Front 8

Give two examples of unaware misapplication pitfall involving stimulus generalization a) one of which involves generalization of a desirable behaviour to an inappropriate situation and b) the other one of which involves generalization of an undesirable behaviour

Back 8

A) showing affection, while this is a desirable behaviour in certain cases, it would be inappropriate to walk up to and hug a complete stranger B)grandparents providing lots of attention to a child learning to walk who he or she falls, this would increase falling which may lead to generics to the presence of the parents i

Front 9

Define rule behaviour and give an example that is not in this chapter

Back 9

A rule describes a situation in which a behaviour will lead to a consequences, it will either pay off or have a bad outcome

Front 10

Give an example of a partial rule that is not in this chapter

Back 10

An example of a partial rule that is not in this chapter is seeing a bottle with he flammable symbol (antecedent). The antecedent is identified the symbol. The missing parts that the rule implies are : store the chemical in a appropriate area where it wont heat up (behaviour) this behaviour will avoid starting a fire (consequence)

Front 11

Define contingency shaped behaviour and give an example that is not in this chapter

Back 11

Developed because of its immediate consequences rather than because of a specific statement or rule. For example Timmy is given candy for doing the dishes without being asked. Tommy is more likely to clean the dishes even though no one taught him the rule “if you clean the dishes you can get candy”

Front 12

.Define rule governed behaviour, and give an example that is not in the chapter

Back 12

Controlled by the statement of a rule

Front 13

In a couple of sentences distinguish between rules that are often effective versus rules that area often weak or ineffective in controlled behaviour.

Back 13

Effective rules describe behaviour specifically rather than vaguely. Rules describe specific circumstances in which the behavior should occur rather than not at all. Rules are more effective if they are combined with sizable consequences and deadlines. Rules are more likely to be effective if they identify behavior for which the consequences are highly probable even though they might be delayed.

Front 14

List six of the eight conditions that summarize effective versus ineffective goalsetting is a behavior modification strategies

Back 14

-specific goals are more effective than vague goals

-realistic challenging goals are more effective than do your best

-public goals are more effective than private goals

-goalsetting is more effective if deadlines are included

-goalsetting plus feedback is more effective than Goalsetting alone

-goalsetting is most effective when individuals are committed to the goals

Front 15

What is mastery criterion? Give an example that is not in this chapter.

Back 15

Our specific guidelines for performing skills so that if the guideline is Met this skill is likely to be mastered. For example hitting 10 serves in the court in tennis

Front 16

What do the authors mean by commitment in the context of goal setting

Back 16

Commitment means statements or actions by the learner indicating that the goal is important the learner will work towards it and the learner recognizes the benefits of the goal

Front 17

Four strategies that you might follow to influenced the effectiveness of modeling in a behavior modification technique

Back 17

-select models who are friends or peers of the learner and who are seen by the learner is competent individuals what is status or prestige -use more than one model -the complexity of the model behavior should be suitable for the behavioral level of the learner -combining rules with modelling

Front 18

What does the term physical guidance mean? How does it differ from gestural prompting

Back 18

Physical guidance as the application of physical contact to induce an individual to go to the motions of the desired behavior. It differs from just drove prompting because just real prompts for certain motions that a teacher makes such as pointing to the correct queue for making signals directed to the motion as a prompt for children to talk softly

Front 19

What is generalized imitation? Describe example

Back 19

Generalized imitation is one individual after learning to imitate the number of behaviors learns to imitate a new response on the first trial the reinforcements. For example if the student touches his head she says good job but he and the student will imitate touching his or her head without the reinforcement of the teacher

Front 20

What do we mean by the term situational inducement? Which term given previously in the book as a essentially meaning?

Back 20

The term situation inducement refers to the influence over the behavior by using situations indicators that already exert control over the behavior. The term starting stimulus given previously in this book has essentially the same meaning

Front 21

Describe each of the four categories of situational inducement

Back 21

-rearranging to existing surroundings: example of rearranging the surroundings is altering the items in wants room to promote better health and more persistent studying behaviour-moving activator new location: changing location of the activity is one approach to improving studying-relocating people: although relocating the participants is generally a measure of last resort. -Changing time of the activity: has been used actively and we control programs people who cook for the family sometimes put on excessive weight by nibbling will preparing meals and then rinsing down for full dinner. Rather than forgoing Dinner one's family a partial solution to this problem is to do the preparation shortly after having eaten the previous meal while the tendency to eat still relatively small

Front 22

How do many people who are not behaviorists for behavior modifiers conceptualize motivation?

Back 22

Many people conceptualize motivation is something within us that causes out actions susie and Jack at two children in the third grade. Susie consistently completes homework works hard listens attentively to the teacher. According to Suzie's teacher Susie is a good student because she is highly motivated. Jack is not a good student and the teacher believes that Jack lacks motivation.

Front 23

What is a conceptual problem with the traditional view of motivation? Illustrate within example

Back 23

A conceptual problems with the traditional view of motivation is that it involves circular reasoning. Why does Susie Ricard? Because she is highly motivated. How do we know she's highly motivated? Because she works hard

Front 24

Describe three practical problems with conceptualizing motivation as an internal cause of behaviour.

Back 24

-the suggestion that the cause of behavior are inside of us rather than environment influence some to ignore the principles for changing behaviour -conceptually missing motivation as an internal cause behavior may influence some to blame the individual for the substandard performance by tearing this to lack of motivation or laziness rather than trying to help the individual-conceptualizing motivation as an internal cause of behavior may influence some to blame themselves for failure commit various behaviours

Front 25

define motivating operation. Given example that illustrates both aspects of the definition.

Back 25

definition. A motivating operation is an event or operation that temporary alters the effectiveness or reinforcer or punishment, and it influences behavior than normally leads to that reinforcement or publisher. For example the unconditioned reinforcer of food.

Front 26

Define echoic, and give an example that is not in the book.

Back 26

Is a vocal imitation response that is developed and maintained for social reinforcement

Front 27

13. Define tact and give an example that is not in the book

Back 27

As a naming response that Is developed and maintained by social reinforcement. For example if a parent points to a tree and asked the child what is that, and the child says tree they receive praise, the word tree is a tact.

Front 28

Defined a mand and give an example that is not in the book

Back 28

Is a verbal response that is under control of the motivating operation and is reinforced by the corresponding reinforcer or removal of the corresponding adverse stimulus. For example if a child has to the washroom and asked the parent to go “potty” the children's response “potty” is the mand. Reinforced by corresponding reinforcer

Front 29

Defined behavioral assessment.

Back 29

-identifying describe target behaviour-identify possible causes of behaviour-select appropriate treatment strategies to modify the behaviour-evaluate treatment outcomes

Front 30

what's the four phases of a behavior modification program

Back 30

-screening or intake phase-Preprogram or baseline assessment phase- Treatment phase-And a follow-up face

Front 31

. what two things typically occur during the assessment phase of the behavior modification program

Back 31

During assessment or baseline phase the behavior model for assesses the target behavior to determine its level prior to the introduction of the program, analyzes the individuals current environment to identify possible controlling variables of the behavior to be changed

Front 32

What is the purpose of follow-up phase of the behavior modification program

Back 32

The follow up phase is conducted to determine whether the improvements achieved during treatment are maintained after the programme termination

Front 33

Briefly distinguish between direct and indirect assessment procedures

Back 33

Indirect include interviews with the client and significant others questionnaires role-playing information obtain consulting professionals and clients self monitoring Direct assessment is a procedure when in person is observing the behavior another individual.

Front 34

The five main types of indirect assessment procedures

Back 34

Interviews with the client and significant others, questionnaires, role-playing, information obtained from consulting professionals, client self-monitoring.

Front 35

How does a behavioral approach different from the traditional approach to assessment in terms of basic assumptions about performance on the test or checklist

Back 35

Behavioural: -performance on a checklist is a sample of a persons response to specific stimuli -covert behaviours are like overt bechaiours and are not accorded special status Traditional -test performance is views as a sign of enduring, intrapsychic trait or person variable covert behaviours are viewed as fundamentally different from overt behaviours

Front 36

Describe two differences in the goals of a behavioral approach to assessments compared to the traditional approach.

Back 36

Behavioural -to identify behavioural excess or deficits -to identify environmental causes of current problem behaviour Psychodiagnostic-to diagnosis or classify individuals -to identify intrapsychic or trait cause of behaviour

Front 37

The difference between the method of the behavioral approach compared to the traditional approach to assessment

Back 37

Behavioral approach has a preference for direct observation of specific behaviours Psycho diagnostic traditional approach using direct assessment of intrapsychic factors and underlying traits isn't possible

Front 38

what does the topography of the behavior mean? Given example that is not in this chapter

Back 38

The topography of responses to specific movements involved in making the response Example would be a basketball coach divided the moments of an effective way up into six components (eyes up dribble right step left step stop follow through)

Front 39

What does the frequency behavior mean? Give an example that is not in this chapter

Back 39

Frequency of behavior refers the number of instances of a behavior that occur in a given period of time

Front 40

What is another word for the intensity of her response give an example in which it would be important to measure the intensity of behaviour

Back 40

Magnitude or force a response. For example one level of anxiety or panic is a concern you can measure of a blood pressure and heart rate readings

Front 41

name the size levels that the ABLA -R assesses

Back 41

imitation, position discrimination, visual discrimination, visual to match-sample visual non-identity,match-to-sample discrimination, auditory visual combined discrimination

Front 42

what do we mean by the latency of a response given example that is not in this chapter.

Back 42

Latency is the time between the occuance of a stimulus and the begging of that behaviour. For an example a student enters the library and find a place to sit in order to study. The student scrolls on their phone for 20 minutes before starting to study. Therefor the latency would be twenty minutes

Front 43

Define Continuous recording. Give an example that is not in this chapter

Back 43

Continuous recording is the recording of very instance of a designated observation period. For example a parent can record the instances of temper tantrums the child makes while at home

Front 44

when would one likely select an interval recording system over a continuous recording system

Back 44

Interval recording is more likely to be used when successive responses are variable in duration, for example times spent watching TV.

Front 45

Define Time sampling recording.

Back 45

Time sampling recorded scores of behavior as occurring or not during very brief observation intervals that are separated from ecahother by a much longer period of tome. For example whether a child is demonstrating positive play behaviour with other childre, the Teacher could observe the child once every 30 minutes for a minute interval and record whether the child is demonstrating positive play behaviour. Each minute interval would be 30 minutes apart

Front 46

Briefly desire momentary time sampling recording

Back 46

A specific case of time sampling is referred to a s momentary time sampling in which a behaviour is recording as occurring or not at specific points in time, such as every hour on the hour rather than during specific brief intervals.

Front 47

In a sentence or two ex[lain what we mean by interobserver reliability.

Back 47

Inter observer reliability is a measure of the extent to which two observer agree on the occurrences of a behaviour after independently observing and recording it during a specified period of time.

Front 48

A functional assessment of the causes of a problem behaviour involves asking what 2 questions?

Back 48

What are the antecedents of the behaviour and what are the immediate consequences

Front 49

What does the term functional assessment refer to?

Back 49

Refers to a variaterity of approaches that attempt to identify the antecedents and consequences for problem beavhiours

Front 50

Define the term function analysis

Back 50

the systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role as antecedents or consequences in controlling or painting specific problem behaviours

Front 51

6.Describe 3 limitations of function analysis

Back 51

the amount of time required to carried out may put a large strain on the available staff, functional analysis cannot be applied to extremely dangerous beahviours, and many behaviour problems occur at frequencies of less than one per day or per week which is a problem when trying to gain data on the problem behaviour

Front 52

Briefly describe 3 approaches to functional assessment that is 3 ways of identifying controlling variables of a problem behaviour .

Back 52

Experimental functional assessment : one directly assess the effects of potential controlling variables on the problem behaviour Interview and questionnaire: interviews the client or people who are familiar with the client, this may explain why the person engages in the problem behaviour Observational: one carefully observes and describes the antecedents and immediate consequences of the problem behaviour in its natural setting

Front 53

What are 3 indicators that a problem behaviour is probably maintained by the social attention that follows it

Back 53

When the attention reliably follows the behaviours, whether the individual looks at or approaches a caregiver just before engaging in the behaviour, whether the individual smiles just before engaging in the behaviour

Front 54

What is strong indicator that a problem behaviour is painted as a way of escaping from demands?

Back 54

The individual engages in the behaviour only when a certain type of demands or requests are made. For example when asked a difficult question some children may engage in a tantrum that are reinforced with a withdrawal of the question

Front 55

What are two type of indicators that a problem behaviour is respondent behaviour that is elected by prior stimuli vs operant behaviour being maintained by reinforcing consequences

Back 55

It consistently occurs in a certain situation or in the prescen of a certain stimuli and that it is never followed by an clearly identifiable reinforcing consequweces. The behaviour seems to be involuntary

Front 56

In a sentences for each outline the six major causes of operant problem behaviours described in the chapter

Back 56

Maintained by social positive reinforcement: behaviour excess often are developed and maintained by the social attention they evoke Maintained by internal self stimulatory positive reinforcement: behaviours are often reinforced buy the sensory stimulation they produce internally. The behaviour is automatically self reinforcing without producing consequences that another person can control or detect. Maintained by external sensory positive reinforcement: by sights and sound of s nonsocial environment

Maintained by social negative reinforcement: escaping demands Painted by internal sensory negative reinforcers:Binge eating lead to a decrease in unpleasant emotional response Maintained by external sensory negative reinforcement: escape for averse stimuli, ex squinting in bright light

Front 57

Briefly name and describe the 4 final components of a behaviour modification program

Back 57

-Screen phase: clarifies the problem and determines who should treat it -assessment or baseline: for determining the cause of the problem behaviour -treatment: the intervention strategy is initiated -follow up phase: evaluates the persistence of the desirable behavioural changes following the termination of the program

Front 58

Define the dependent variable and give an example

Back 58

the measure of behaviour ex a student who correctly completes her math problems

Front 59

Define th independent variable and give an example

Back 59

the treatment or intervention ex the teachers program to reinforce a student to complete their math problems

Front 60

Define internal validity

Back 60

a study or experimental convincingly demonstrated that the independent variable caused the observed change in the dependent variable

Front 61

Define external validity

Back 61

the extent that the findings of a study can be generalized to other behaviours individuals settings or treatment

Front 62

With reference to an example briefly describe the four opponents of the reversal replication design. What is another name for this design

Back 62

-Teacher observed how many questions sara could complete in one hour (baseline) -teacher introduced reinforcement program telling sara that every completed question she could have an extra minute of free time (intervention) -teacher emliniate the reinforcement (reversal back to baseline conditions) -Teacher re introduces the treatment phase which improved kelps performance -Also called ABAB design or withdrawal

Front 63

How does a behaviour modifier evaluate the importance of a problem?

Back 63

By asking two questions: -Will solving the problem lead to less aversiveness or more positive reinforcement for the clients or others? -Will solving the problem be likely to give rise directly or indirectly to other desirable behaviours? If either of answers no, you can reconsider involvement with the problem

Front 64

How does a behaviour modifier evaluate the ease with which a problem might be solved?

Back 64

A behaviour modifier considered whether the problem is to decrease an undesirable behaviour and if the behaviour has ben occurring for a short time, under narrow stimulus and with no intermittent reinforcement. A problem with these characteristics would be easier to solve than an undesirable behaviour that has been occurring for a long time, under control of many stimuli and with intermittent reinforcement. If the problem is to teach a new behaviour, the behaviour modifier must assess whether the client has prereq skills. And if there are multiple problems, rank them according to priority for treatment and begin with highest priority.

Front 65

You are about to design a treatment program. After defining the target behaviour and identifying its desired level of occurrence and stimulus control, what six questions should you answer before proceeding to the design?

Back 65

Before you design you b mod program the 6 questions to answer are: -is your description precise? -on what grounds did you choose the goal and how is it in your clients best interest -has the client been given all possible info about the goal? -have steps been taken to increase the clients commitment to accomplish the gaol -What are potential side effects of accomplishing the goal for both client and others? -Do the answers to the foregoing questions suggest that you should proceed? if so continue

Front 66

If you are thinking of capitalizing on antecedent control, what 6 categories should you consider?

Back 66

rules, goal setting, modeling, physical guidance, situational inducement (rearrange surrounds, move activity to new location, relocate people, change time of activity), motivating operations

Front 67

List five considerations for programming stimulus generalization

Back 67

Train in test situationVary the training conditionsProgram common stimuliTrain sufficient stimulus exemplarsEstablish a stimulus equivalence class

Front 68

List three considerations for programming response generalization

Back 68

Train sufficient response exemplars Vary the acceptable responses during training Use behavioural momentum to increase low probability responses with a response class

Front 69

List four considerations for programming behaviour maintenance

Back 69

Use natural contingencies of reinforcement

Train the people in natural environment

Use schedules of reinforcement in the training environment

Give the control to the individual

Front 70

What is a behavioural contract

Back 70

This is a written agreement that provides a clear statement of what behaviours of what individuals will produce, what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers. Behavioural contracting was described initially as a strategy for scheduling the exchange of reinforcers between two or more individuals, such as between a teacher and students or parents and children.

Front 71

What is a treatment contract and what should it clearly outline?

Back 71

Written agreement between the client and the applied behaviour analyst or behaviour therapist that clearly outlines the objectives and the methods of treatment, the framework of the service to be provided and contingencies for remuneration that may be foredooming to the behaviour modifier.

Front 72

What are tokens?

Back 72

Conditioned reinforcers that can be accumulated and exchanged for goods and services

Front 73

What is a token economy

Back 73

A behavioural program in which individuals can earn tokens for a variety of desirable behaviours and can exchange the earned tokens for backup reinforcers

Front 74

What are two major advantages of using tokens as reinforcers

Back 74

-Can be given immediately after a desirable behaviours occurs and cashed in at a later time for backup reinforcer -Tokens that are paired with many different backup reinforcers are generalized conditioned reinforcers and therefore do not depend on a specific motivating operation for their strength

Front 75

List and briefly describe five initial steps involved in setting up and managing a token economy

Back 75

viduals involved and b) the short and long range objectives to be accomplished and c)specific behavioural problems that interfere with achieving those objectives 2) Take baselines and keep data: as is done before initiating other procedures, baseline data on the specific target behaviours should be obtained before initiating a token economy 3) Select the type of tokens to use: tokens can include play money, mark on a wall chart, poker chips, stickers, stamps or numbers other possibilities that will suit the needs of your particular token economy 4) Select backup reinforcers: The method for selecting backup reinforcer are essentially same as selecting reinforcers. Keep in mind that a token system increase the variety of practical reinforcers that you can use cause they are not limited to those that can be delivered immediately following a desired response 5) Manage the backup reinforcers: After establishing the backup reinforces you are going to use and how you are going to obtain them, you should next consider the general method of dispersing them

Front 76

What six characteristics should a token have?

Back 76

Should be very attractive, lightweight, portage, durable, easy to handle, not easily counterfeited

Front 77

Identify four sources of potential help for managing a token economy

Back 77

Help might be obtained from a number of sources : a) people already assigned to work with the individuals to considers (nurse’s aide, TA), b) volunteers c) behaviourally advanced individuals within the institution like older students helping younger and d) members of token economy itself

Front 78

State two general methods of weaning individuals from tokens when transferring behaviour to the natural environment

Back 78

To eliminate tokens gradually, to decrease the value of token gradually

Front 79

If one decides to wean an individual from tokens by eliminating tokens gradually, what are three ways that might be accomplished?

Back 79

Making the token delivery schedule more and more intermittent b) Decreasing the number of behaviours that earn tokens or c) Increasing the delay between target behaviour and token delivery

Front 80

If one decides to wean an individual of tokens by decreasing the value gradually, what are two ways to accomplish?

Back 80

Gradually decreasing the amount of backup reinforcement that a given number of tokens can purchase

b) By gradually increasing the delay between token acquisition and best results

Front 81

What is one precaution to help ensure high ethical standards for a token economy?

Back 81

Is to make the system completely open to public scrutiny, provided that such openness is subject to the approval of the individual in the TRA’s rigorous standard and procedures for certifying programs that claim to use the TFM

Front 82

What do people mean when they talk about willpower? IS willpower a useful concept? Why or why not?

Back 82

People talk about willpower like a magical force within us that is responsible for overcoming problems. The concept is not useful cause we don't know how to get more willpower

Front 83

Describe the behavioural model of self control

Back 83

Statement that self control occurs when an individual behaves in some way that arranges the environment to manage his or her subsequent behaviour. This means emitting a controlling behaviour to effect a change in the behaviour to be controlled.

Front 84

How does this book define commitment?

Back 84

Refers to your statements or actions that indicate that it is important toward doing so

Front 85

Describe five steps to strengthen and maintain your commitment to a program of self control

Back 85

List all benefits there are for changing the behaviour, write them out and post them in a conspicuous place make your commitment to change public Rearrange environment to provide frequent reminders of your commitment and goal Invest considerable time and energy in initially planning your project and Plan ahead for various ways to deal with temptation to quit project

Front 86

Give example that illustrated how recording and graphing of a problem behaviour was all that needed to bring about improvement

Back 86

A smoker may want to cut down on smoking and they record every time he or she has a smoke That may mentally make a goal to try and have less tally on a paper everyday. Seeing less tally may reinforce and promote the smoker to keep up the hard work

Front 87

List 7 major classes of antecedents that you might consider when planning how to manage the situation in a self control program

Back 87

Instructions, modelling, physical guidance, our immediate surroundings, other people, time of day, motivating operations

Front 88

Define mastery criterion and give example not in text

Back 88

Performance requirement for practicing a skill so that if the criteria has been met, the behaviour has been learned. For ex; Hitting 3 out of the park hits in baseball in a row

Front 89

Describe three different ways of arranging the reinforcers to be received in a self control program, in a sentence or two each

Back 89

Asking others to manage the reinforcers for you Remind yourself of the delayed natural consequences for a behaviour immediately after it occurs Manage consequences for your own behaviour

Front 90

What is the meaning of relapse in a self control program?

Back 90

Going back to unwanted behaviour at approximately its same level as before you started the program

Front 91

Briefly describe two possible causes of relapse in consequences and indicate how each might be handled

Back 91

failure to incorporate everyday rewards into your program - can be handled by examining and implementing ways that you can incorporate daily rewarding activities into the support of your self control program consequences that are only cumulative significant - can be handled by setting specific dates to follow up checks or post checks and listing specific strategies to follow if the post checks are unfavourable

Front 92

What is a behavioural contract?

Back 92

Written agreement that provides a clear statement of what behaviours of what individual will produce, what reinforcers and who will deliver those reinforcers. A contract serves four important stimulus control functions Ensures all parties involved agree to the goals and procedures and that they do not lose sight of them during treatment Because goals are specified behaviourally, the contract also ensures that throughout the program, all parties will agree on how close they are to reaching goal The contract provides the client with a realistic estimate of the cost of program in time, effort and money The signatures on contract help ensure that all parties will faithfully follow the specified procedures because contract means commitment

Front 93

what are cognitive processes ?

Back 93

Cognitive processes or cognitions are verbalizations or images that are frequently called believing, thinking, expecting, perceiving

Front 94

What do the letters ABCT stand for

Back 94

Association for behavioural and cognitive therapies

Front 95

What are three waves or generations of behaviour therapy

Back 95

a)behaviour therapy b) Cognitive behaviour therapy c) Third wave of behaviour therapy or third generation behaviour therapies

Front 96

What are two major assumptions of cognitive therapy

Back 96

Individuals interpret and react to events by forming cognition like beliefs, expectations, attitudes on basis of the perceived significant of those events and Defective or maladaptive cognitions can cause emotional and behavioural disorders

Front 97

What is cognitive restructuring

Back 97

Strategies for recognizing maladaptive thinking and replacing it with adaptive thinking

Front 98

What are the three main phases or rational emotive behaviour therapy and who developed it

Back 98

Albert ellis and a) The therapist helps the client identify troublesome thoughts based on irrational beliefs b) In a very confrontational argumentative way, the RET therapist vigorously challenges the clients irrational beliefs that are thought to be the basis for the problematic self talk c) The client is taught through modelling and homework assignments to replace the irrational self statements with statements based on rational beliefs

Front 99

Describe the three major components of Beck’s cognitive therapy

Back 99

Clients identify the dysfunctional thoughts and malaptive assumptions that might be causing debilitating emotions or behaviours Once a thought or dysfunctional assumption has been indefinite several methods can be used to counteract it Beck frequently uses additional homework assignments that contain liberal does of b mod procedures to develop various desirable daily activities

Front 100

Briefly list the five steps of self instructional training that Meichenbaum and others used with children

Back 100

Adult demonstrates self instructing Child performs while adult verbalizes The child performed the task and verbalizes out loud Overt self instructions fade Task performance is performed with covert self instructions

Front 101

What is mindfulness as Buddhists and behavioural therapists use the term?

Back 101

Involves nonjudgmental awareness, observation and description of ones covert or overt behaviours as they occur and in some cases, observation of the antecedents and consequences of those behaviours.

Front 102

What is acceptance as cognitive behaviour therapists use the term

Back 102

Refraining from judging ones sensations, thoughts, feelings and behaviours as good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant, useful or useless etc

Front 103

Briefly describe the three phases of ACT

Back 103

First thought the use of metaphors paradox stories and other verbal techniques, the client learns that past attempts to control troublesome thoughts and emotions often served only to increase their frequency Second, through the use of mindfulness training and acceptance excercises, the client learns to experience and non judgementally embrace thoughts and emotions including those that are troublesome Third, regardless of whether the troublesome thoughts and emotions are eliminated, clients are encouraged to identify values in various life domains such as work, family, health relationships

Front 104

What are three differences between cognitive therapy and ACT?

Back 104

Cognitive therapy assumes: -troublesome thoughts are the cause of emotional disturbances, uses cognitive restructuring to change troublesome thoughts directly -uses homework to help the client overcome distorted thinking ACT: -considers both thoughts and emotions as responses to environmental contingencies, teaches the client to embrace and accept various thoughts and emotions -homework assignments are used to build larger patterns of effect action in the pursuit of valued goals

Front 105

Briefly describe several of the therapeutic phases of DBT

Back 105

Early phase focuses on helping the client express what they hope to get out of therapy A client is encouraged to non judgementally observe and describe their covert and overt behaviours especially those that are potentially harmful to the client or others and may interfere with the treatment Interpersonal skills are eventually targeted so that clients learn to say no, ask for what they need and appropriately interact with others in their lives Finally, after the clients have learned accept aspect of lives without distortion judgement or evaluation they are much more likely to be able to learn and follow specific behavioural strategies for achieving their therapeutic goals

Front 106

From a behavioural POV, summarize why cognitive restructuring techniques might be effective?

Back 106

When they decrease the frequency of irrational self-statements that elicit the respondent component of troublesome emotions and when they teach a client to rehearse rules through verbal discourse and homework assignments that identifyy specific behaviours that are likely to be maintained in the natural environment

Front 107

What are empirically supported therapies?

Back 107

These are ESTs. Specific treatments that have been shown to be efficacious in controlled clinical trials

Front 108

Why do ESTs often turn out to be behavioural or cognitive behavioural therapies?

Back 108

Cause the behavioural approach emphasizes basing treatments on well-established principles, measuring the outcomes of treatments in objectively defined behaviours and altering treatments that are not producing satisfactory results

Front 109

What is a specific phobia?

Back 109

Intense, irrational, incapacitating fear of a stimulus class. examples are animal type phobias and situational type phobias

Front 110

What is a fear hierarchy?

Back 110

List of fear eliciting stimuli arranged in order from least to most fear eliciting

Front 111

Define systemic desensitization

Back 111

Procedure for overcoming a phobia by having a client in a relaxed state successively imagine the items in a fear hierarchy

Front 112

Using an example, briefly describe the three phases of systematic desensitization

Back 112

Construction of fear hierarchy Client learns deep muscle relaxation and how to apply to major muscles in body Actual therapy begins under direction of a therapist, client clearly imagines the least for eliciting stimulus on fear hierarchy for a few seconds while practicing the relaxation technique. Then client stops imagining scene and relaxes for 15-30 seconds. Process repeated multiple times for each item on list

Front 113

Briefly illustrate example of how in vivo flooding might be used to treat specific phobia

Back 113

n the case of a client who is afraid of heights, in vivo flooding might be used to treat their phobia. In vivo flooding is a method for extinguishing fear by exposure to a strongly feared stimulus in the natural environment for an extended period of time. The client may begin with looking out the first floor window of a building, then the third, seventh and finally the tenth story window.

Front 114

Briefly illustrate an example of how participant modelling might be used to treat a specific phobia

Back 114

An example of participant modelling to treat someone with a phobia of heights would be to have a therapist to walk to the ledge of a 2 story and encourage the patient to do the same. The patient can be reinforced for modelling the behaviour and the process can be repeated for progressively higher heights.

Front 115

Describe an effective treatment for post traumatic stress disorder

Back 115

PTSD might be treated with exposure therapy through long term vicarious exposure to the event. Done by imagining the event, talking about it with a therapists, writing about event. Cognitive therapy might also be used to establish more balanced thoughts and different ways of thinking about the event

Front 116

Briefly describe four types of eating disorders. For which has behaviour therapy been most effective?

Back 116

Four examples of eating disorders are bulimia nervosa (binge and purge), anoxia nervosa (malnourished from eating very little), binge eating disorder and obesity (overweight enough to cause health problems). Behaviour therapy has been found to be most effective with obesity, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder. Research supporting treatment of anorexia with behaviour therapy is controversial

Front 117

List and briefly describe four strategies for treating obesity

Back 117

Self monitoring: including daily records of foods eaten and calorie counts and body weight stimulus control: restricting eating at home to a specific location Changing rate of eating: have clients put down utensils between bites or take short breaks between courses Behavioural contracting: having clients signs contact in which they agree to lose a certain amount of weight ina specified time period in return for a desired reinforcer

Front 118

What are two other names for pavilion conditioning

Back 118

Classical conditioning and respondent conditioning

Front 119

Describe how Watson and Raynor demonstrated Pavlovian conditioning of a fear response in an 11 month old infant

Back 119

First proved that the infant was not afraid of a white rat. Then they paired the white rat with a loud noise that caused infant to cry. After pairing them together and watching infant showing himself crying and showing other signs of fear, the infant was then conditions that the appearance of the white rat alone made him cry and show signs of fear.

Front 120

What role did Hans Eysneck play in the development of behaviour therapy in the 1950s?

Back 120

Hans Eysneck was influential in criticizing traditional Freudian psychoanalytic treatment and in advocating learning theory or conditioning procedures as alternatives

Front 121

What is operant conditioning?

Back 121

Process of strengthening a behaviour by reinforcing it or weakening it by punishing it

Front 122

The publications of the early 1960s within operant orientation seem to have been characterized by two features. What were they?

Back 122

Much of it was done with very resistant populations such as persons with intellectual disabilities, children with autism and severely regressed psychiatric patients who have not received a great deal of successful input from traditional psychologymany of the applications took place in institutional or highly controlled settings

Front 123

What is another name for operant orientation

Back 123

Applied behaviour analysis

Front 124

Briefly, how did cognitive therapists Ellis and Beck explain emotional problems and how did they propose to treat them?

Back 124

They believed that faulty cognitive processes and faulty thinking caused emotional and behavioural problems. They proposed to treat emotional and behavioural problems through a process called cognitive behaviour therapy. Cognitive behaviour therapy is a form of therapy where clients are taught to recognize and change faulty thinking.

Front 125

In a sentence for each, distinguish between the terms cognitive behaviour therapy, applied behaviour analysis and behaviour modification as they tend to be used today?

Back 125

Cognitive behaviour therapy: behaviour modification carried out on dysfunctional behaviour, generally in a clinical setting

Applied behaviour analysis: emphasizes the application of operation conditioning principles and is behaviour modification in which there often is an attempt to analyze or clearly demonstrate controlling variables of the behaviour of concern Behaviour modification: includes all explicit applications of behaviour principles to improve specific behaviour - whether or not in clinical settings and whether or not controlling variables has been explicitly demonstrated

Hint 125

Clinical operant principles

Front 126

State two propositions on which behaviour modification is based

Back 126

behaviour can be controlled

It is desirable to do so to achieve certain objectives

Front 127

Why is extreme wariness a healthy reaction to any new development in science or technology? Discuss an example

Back 127

It is healthy to be extremely wary about any new advance in science or technology because it ensures civilization is cautious before fully adapting a new scientific view or theory. EX) If more precautions had ben taken in the early development of atomic energy, perhaps there would be less danger today. It is important to have ethical guidelines to ensure that behaviour modification (a scientific study) is good for society

Front 128

From a behavioural point of view, what does the term ethics mean?

Back 128

The term refers to the certain standards of behaviour that a culture developed to promote the survival of that culture

Front 129

Discuss countercontrol. Why is it important

Back 129

The “reciprocal of control” it is the influence the controlled has on the controller by virtue of access to suitable reinforcers. For example, in a democracy, voters exert counter control over elected officials because they can vote them out of office. Its important to place ethical safeguards for certain individuals who do not have the ability to exert this reciprocal control. For example, children, psychiatric patients, geriatric patients and persons with severe developmental disabilities might lack meaningful forms of countercontrol.

Front 130

What was a primary conclusion of the comprehensive report by Stolz and Associates on the ethical issues involved with behavioural modification?

Back 130

A primary conclusion was that tests engaged in any type of psychological intervention should subscribe to and follow the ethics codes and standards of their professions. This document includes a set of general principles that are intended to guide psychologists toward the very highest ethical ideals of the profession and a detailed set of standards to encourage ethical behaviour by psychologists and their students.

Front 131

In a sentence, what should be the characteristics of the intervention methods used by behaviour modifiers ?

Back 131

The behaviour modifiers should use the most effective, empirically validated intervention methods with the least discomfort and fewest negative side effects

Front 132

Discuss three possible meanings of intrusive and restrictive interventions

Back 132

Interventions based on positive reinforcement are generally considered to be less interactive and restrictive than interventions based on aversive control. In some cases, a client’s right to effective treatment might dictate the immediate use of quicker-acting, but temporarily more restrictive procedures

-Intrusive and restrictive sometimes refer to the extent to which clients are given choices and allowed freedom of movement in a therapeutic environment. In a work-training program for persons with developmental disabilities, for example, the assignment of specific tasks might be considered more intrusive or restrictive than allowing clients to choose among several optional work activities -Intrusive and restrictive sometimes refers to the extent to which consequences are deliberately managed as opposed to naturally occurring. If it is necessary to use contrive or deliberately programmed reinforcers early in a program, the behaviour modifier should transfer control to natural reinforcers as quickly as possible.