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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Type 1 concept |
Can be measured directly Single attribute e.g., height of a building |
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Type 2 concept |
Single attribute that cannot be measured directly but which can be estimated by combining contributing variables. e.g., how much weight a balcony can hold |
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Type 3 concept |
A trait involving multiple attributes linked by some commonality of function. e.g., safety of a building (fire escapes, paint toxins, stability) |
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Why does conflict arise over animal welfare assessments? |
Different people treat welfare as type 1, 2, or 3 concepts. |
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How could animal welfare be measured as a type 1 concept? What is bad about this? |
Measure cortisol levels in blood to determine stress, but is stress the only part of welfare? Measure longevity which is an objective parameter that suggests most biological needs have been met. But is quantity of life quality of life? |
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How could animal welfare be measured as a type 2 concept? What is bad about this? |
Can integrate various attributes that can be objectively measures (productivity, stress, health, behaviour) which will provide info relevant to understanding animal's welfare. But we don't know the objective weighting of the attributes |
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How is animal welfare a type 3 concept? |
Different attributes measured objectively. Common link is their involvement in the quality of life of animals. Interpretation of results will involve values, scientific findings will not eliminate value based differences. Animal welfare cannot be measured directly, only assessed in a manner similar to safety of a building or overall health. |
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What are issues with measuring welfare as a type 3 concept? |
With type 3 concepts we measure type 1 and type 2 attributes and associated variables relevant to welfare, but what attributes should be emphasized? What do we measure? How do we weigh them? **Welfare is still a type 3 concept!! |
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What is stress? |
Inferred internal state. Denotes a real or perceived disruption of an organism's physiological homeostasis or psychological well-being. All life forms experience stress, not all stress is bad (eustress). |
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Stressor |
"the threat" Includes external events or internal factors including pain. |
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Homeostasis |
Tendency of a system, especially the physiological system of higher animals, to maintain internal stability, owing to the coordinated response of its parts to any situation or stimulus that would tend to disturb its normal condition or function. |
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Distress |
An aversive, negative state in which coping and adaptation processes fail to return an organism to physiological and/or psychological homeostasis. - A biological state where the stress response may have a deleterious effect on welfare |
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Suffering |
Negative emotional state associated with distress: can be due to adverse physical, physiological, or psychological circumstances and is moderated by the cognitive capacity and experiences of individuals. |
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What are four main biological responses that are measures of stress? |
Behaviour Neuroendocrine response Autonomic nervous system Immune system |
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Behaviour as a biological response to stress |
First line of defence: fight, flight, freeze. Modified by species, environment, pain intensity, learning Can be a variable response by same species to same stim. Behavioural options are limited in certain enviros. |
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ANS response to stress |
Short term response. Fight or flight response. Quick physiological adjustment. Learning and memory improved. Happens quickly, difficult to measure |
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HPA axis |
Broad long-lasting effect on the body. All biological functions affected by stress are regulated by pituitary hormones. Increase in cortisol and corticosterone, and prolactin, somatotropin, TSH and LH and FSH associated with stress. |
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Immune system response to stress |
Modified by other systems (HPA). Cytokines involved with communication between nervous system and immune system. Measure of immune competence to look at disease components of stress |
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Challenges to measuring stress |
-Measurements often involve stressing animals. -All four systems are available for use in response to stress, but not all are used to defend homeostasis. -Different stressors elicit very different types of biological responses. -Need specific measures for each stressor for each system. -Interanimal variation in response |
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Stress response |
Cascade of biological events that varies between animals. -relying on measuring one or two systems will likely lead to errors that do not reflect welfare |
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Key to differentiating stress and distress |
Biological cost of the stress. Stress is brief with minimal biological cost. Biological reserves exist to meet these challenges. Becomes distress when the stress response is such a magnitude that it can endanger the general well-being of the animal. Adapting capacity decreases to a point where now in distress |
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Distress |
Acute stress - short duration with large bio costs; causes disruption of bio events and diversion of resources away from functions Chronic stress (same as acute) - increases over time with no recovery phase, continuous shunt away from other functions. It can also have a summation of several stressors |
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Threat of subclinical stress |
Doesn't cause a large neough shift in resources to impair other functions but makes vulnerable to other stressors because can add together. |
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Stressors at weaning |
-New social enviro (absence of adults, mixing of unfamiliar animals,new social hierarchy). -Physical separation of mother and calf. -Premature end of lactation (disease outbreaks) -transportation -new location -New diet |
