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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning |
the way in which we acquire new behaviors |
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habituation |
decrease in response to a stimulus from repeated exposure |
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dishabiutation |
recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has already occurred temporary refers to changes in response to the original stimulus, not the new one |
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associative learning |
creation of an association between 2 stimuli or between a behavior and a response classical and operant conditioning |
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classical conditioning |
Pavlov instinctual responses to create associations between 2 unrelated stimuli |
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unconditioned stimulus |
brings about an innate response (like jumping at a loud noise) noise = U.S. |
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unconditioned response |
the innate/reflexive response jumping = U.R. |
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conditioned stimulus |
a normally neutral stimulus that by association causes a reflexive response (conditioned response) |
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spontaneous recovery |
a weak conditioned response exhibited after an extinction period |
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generalization |
broadening effect by which a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response Little Albert --- afraid of all small white animals (real/stuffed), not just rats |
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discrimination |
organism learns to distinguish between 2 similar stimuli |
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operant conditioning |
Skinner links voluntary behaviors with consequences and rewards in a effort to alter the frequency of them |
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positive reinforcement |
increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following behavior EXAMPLE - money |
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negative reinforcement |
increase frequency of behavior by removing something unpleasant EXAMPLE - take an aspirin to get rid of a headache - next time you have a headache, you are more likely to take one |
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escape learning |
role is to reduce the unpleasantness of something |
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avoidance learning |
meant to prevent some unpleasant that hasn't happened |
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positive punishment |
adding an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce it EXAMPLE - spanking a child |
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negative punishment |
reducing a behavior by removing a stimulus EXAMPLE - taking away TV privilege for breaking a rule |
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fixed ratio reinforcement |
after a certain number performances EXAMPLE - paycheck every friday |
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variable ratio reinforcement |
after a varying number of performances, you get rewarded example = gambling works fastest for learning a new behavior most resistant to extinction |
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fixed interval reinforcement |
after a specified time period has to wait 60 seconds between each reward |
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variable interval reinforcement |
after a varying time |
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shaping |
rewarding increasingly specific behaviors |
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latent learning |
learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced |
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instinctive drift |
difficulty in overcoming instinctual behaviors |
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observational learning |
learning a new behavior or gaining info by watching others Bandura's Bobo doll experiment |
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mirror neurons |
in frontal and parietal lobes fires when an individual performs an action and when observing someone else doing it |
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modeling |
learning what behaviors are acceptable by watching others |
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encoding |
putting new info into memory |
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automatic processing |
all of the info gained without effort |
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controlled processing |
active memorization can become automatic |
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self-reference effect |
we tend to recall info best when we can put it into the context of our own lives |
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maintenance rehearsal |
repetition of info to keep it in working memory or to store it |
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mneumonics |
acronyms, rhyming phrases, etc |
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method of loci |
associating each item of a list with a location along a route though a building that has already been memorized |
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peg word |
associating numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers 1 sun 2 shoe 3 tree |
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chunking/clustering |
taking individual elements of a list and grouping them together in groups of related meaning EX - when learning the amino acids |
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sensory memory |
most fleeting visual and auditory - then maintained in occipital and temporal lobes of brain |
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short term memory |
fades quickly (~30 sec w/o rehearsal) limited capacity 7 +/- 2 primarily in HIPPOCAMPUS |
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working memory |
enables us to keep a few pieces of info simultaneously and manipulate it |
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long term memory |
essentially limitless storage allows us to be able to recall on demand |
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elaborative rehearsal |
associating the info with knowledge already in long term memory |
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implicit memory |
procedural skills and conditioned responses unconscious |
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explicit memory |
declarative - facts and events require conscious recall semantic or episodic |
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semantic memory |
facts we know |
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episodic memory |
experiences |
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retrieval |
process of showing that something learned has been retained |
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spacing effect |
the longer amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the info later on (why cramming isn't as effective) |
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priming |
recall is aided by first being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory |
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context effects |
memory aided by being in the physical location where the encoding took place |
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state-dependent memory |
learning while drunk shows better recall when taking the test drunk |
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serial position effect |
when learning lists, recall first and last few |
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primacy and recency effects |
tendency to remember early and late items |
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alzheimer's |
degenerative brain disorder loss of acetylcholine in neurons progressive dementia and memory loss neurofibrillary tangles and beta-amyloid plaques |
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Korsakoff's syndrome |
memory loss from thiamine deficiency common symptom = confabulation (creating vivid but fabricated memories to fill gaps) |
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agnosia |
loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds |
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interference |
retrieval error cause by existence of other information |
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PROACTIVE |
old info interfering with learning new info EX - writing address after you moved |
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RETROACTIVE |
new learning causing you to forget old info EX - teacher learning names of students each year |
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prospective memory |
remembering to perform a task at some point in the future |
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misinformation effect |
forming false memories yield/stop sign example study |
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source monitoring error |
confusion between semantic and episodic memory - remembers details of an event but confuses the context of how the details were obtained |
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synaptic pruning |
getting rid of weak neural connections to increase efficiency of brain |
