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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Woman with anxiety about a gynecologic exam is told to relax and to imagine going through the steps of the exam.
What process does this exemplify? |
Systematic desensitization.
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Large group of people is followed over 10 years. Every 2 years, it is determined who develops heart disease and who does not.
What kind of study is this? |
Cohort study.
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Girl can groom herself, hop on one foot, and has an imaginary friend.
How old is she? |
Four years old.
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Observational study that choses samples based on presence or absence of disease; collects information about risk factors.
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Case control study.
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Observational study where sample is chosen based on presence or absence of risk factors. Subjects followed over time for development of disease.
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Cohort study.
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Pooling data from several published studies to achieve greater statistical power.
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Meta-analysis.
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Experimental study comparing therapeutic benefits of 2 or more treatments, or treatment versus placebo.
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Clinical trial.
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Selection bias
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Nonrandom assignment to a study group.
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Recall bias
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Knowledge of presence of disorder alters recall by subjects.
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Sampling bias
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Subjects are not representative of the group; therefore results are not generalizable.
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Late-look bias
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Information is gathered at an inappropriate time.
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Prevalence of disease
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P = total cases at one time / total population
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Incidence of a disease
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I = new cases over a given time / total population AT RISK during that time
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Sensitivity
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Number of true positives divided by number of all people with the disease.
Probability of a positive test given that a person has the disease. |
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False negative rate
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Equal to 1 - sensitivity.
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False positive rate
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Equal to 1 - specificity.
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Specificity
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Number of true negatives divided bynumber of all people without a disease.
Probability of a negative test given that a person is free of the disease. |
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Positive predictive value (PPV)
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Number of true positives divided by the number of people who tested positive for the disease.
The probability of having a condition given a positive test. |
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Negative predictive value (NPV)
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Number of true negatives divided by number of people who tested negative for the disease.
The probability of not having the condition given a negative test. |
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Odds ratio (OR)
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[a][b]
[c][d] OR = ad/bc Odds of having disease in exposed group divided by odds of having disease in unexposed group. Approximates relative risk if prevalence of disease is not too high. Used for case-control studies. |
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Relative risk
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[a][b]
[c][d] RR = [a/(a+b)]/[c/(c+d)] Disease risk in exposed group divided by disease risk in unexposed group. Risk is calculated within a group as number with disease divided by total number of people in group. Used for cohort studies. |
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Precision
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Precision is the consistency and reproducibility of a test (reliability); absence of random variation
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Accuracy
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Accuracy is the trueness of test measurements (validity)
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Null (Ho)
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Hypothesis of no difference
(There is no association between the disease and the risk factor in the population.) |
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Alternative (H1)
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Hypothesis that htere is some difference
(There is some association between the disease and the risk factor in the population |
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Type I error (alpha)
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Stating that there is an effect or difference when none exists
P is judged against alpha, a preset level of significance (usually <.05); where P is the probability of making a type I error |
