Behavioral Neuroscience- Sleep

Front 1

What are the two kinds of endogenous cycles?

Back 1

Circannual cycles- endogenous annual cycle in preparation for annual events such as migration, hibernation.

Circadian- daily cycles like sleep/wakefulness, many hormomones such as corticosterone (peaks at

Front 2

Free running daily acitivity cycles

-span how long?
-show what?
-how are they synchronized?

Back 2

about 25 hours

humans naturally have app 25 hour daily cycles when not regulated by environement

environmental cues (mainly light).

Front 3

What happened in hamsters whose DARK SHIFT were changed to 8 hours earlier? what about those who ran for seven hours?

Back 3

They slowly changed their sleep time to fit the dark changes but the process took 10 days.
Thier cycle was fixed after one day.

Front 4

Tips to resetting your biological clock?

Back 4

- exposure to light
- adhere to new cycle
- take melatonin before sleep
- take melatonin in morning
- EASIER TO GO WEST!

Front 5

What brain structure is responsible for resetting clocks, generating rhythms for body temp and sleep?

-where is it found
-when is it active/inactive?
- inputs
- outputs

Back 5

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

anterior to the optic chiasm (from vision chapter)

active= day inactive= night

inputs- retinohypothalamus

outputs- pineal gland

Front 6

What role does the pineal play in restting the clocks?

Back 6

It recieves information from the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

It is responsible for releasing melatonin to induce sleep (humans @ night; rats during day).

Front 7

Melatonin

-synthesized from
- what supreses its secretion
- secretion increases when
- peak @
- melatonin causes responsible for what else

Back 7

Serotonin

Low frequency E fields, and LIGHT.

Just after nightfall

3 AM

breeding cycles (as light changes due to seasons).

Front 8

Ingested melatonin

-for what?
- reports say?
- dosages

Back 8

to promote sleep

Safe but ineffective (10% ineffective 10% report nightmares)

vary (.3 to 5 mg)

Front 9

Repair and restoration theory

-what does it suggest?
-sleep deprivation
- results?
-

Back 9

Sleep allows the body and brain to rest and rejuvenate

deprivation causes hallucinations, irratibility, dizziness, tremors, impaired cognition

Results suggest NOT TRUE. No long sleep is necessary for functioning.

Front 10

What is the evolutionary argument for sleep? How is it not supported?

Back 10

Evolution suggests that early humans had enough ti,e to accomplish everything and slept to avoid predation. In fact foragers sleep at night, while, predators sleep during day.

However, some animals for whom sleep is NOT advantageous still do. Also sleep deprivation causes impairments.

Front 11

What is the modern theory of Why we sleep?

Back 11

Evolutionary arguments (to conserve energy and to avoid predation) are paired with restorative functions (brain needs to rejuvenate) to determine our need for sleep.

Front 12

EEG

- records what
- shows peaks when

Back 12

Electric potential in a particular part of the brain.

Neurons fire in synchrony.

Front 13

WAVES

Alpha (freq, state, describe)
Beta
Theta
Delta

Back 13

Alpha
- regular jagged (8-12 Hz)indicate relaxation

Betta
- smallest waves (13-30 Hz) indicate active arousal.

Theta
- Larger waves, irregular waves, 5-8 Hz, slow-wave and REM sleep

Delta
- largest waves, 1-4 Hz, deep slow-wave sleep.

Front 14

When a person is awake what waves would one expect to see on their EEG? Asleep?

Back 14

Awake: Alpha and Betta waves

Sleep: Theta and Betta (dreams)

Front 15

Synchrony vs Desynchrony

-frequency
- voltage
-speed of neural firing
- wave size
- state of arousal

Back 15

Synchrony

- low frequency, high voltage, large waves, slowly firing together, deep sleep or coma

Desynchrony

higher frequency, lower voltage, smaller waves, faster not togeter, awake

Front 16

Stage 1 sleep

-characterized by ____ waves
- purpose?
- lasts how long?
- dreaming?

Back 16

Theta
Transfer from wake to sleep
10 minutes
NONE; random thoughts

Front 17

Sleep 2 cycle

-sleep characterized by what waves?
-purpose?
- time?

Back 17

theta

decreases sensory input and keeps person asleep.

15 minutes

Front 18

Another important part of stage 2 sleep. what is it? what is it believed to do?

Back 18

K complex; thought to promote deep sleep.

Front 19

Stage 3 sleep

- what waves?
- time?
- what kind of sleep?

Back 19

25-50% delta, very slow and synchronous.

30-45 minutes

Deep sleep

Front 20

Stage 4 sleep

- waves?
- time?
- purpose?
-

Back 20

Similar to stage 3 except more than 50% waves= delta

30-45 minutes

Lowers heartrate, breathing and makes slower and larger waves on EEG.

Front 21

REM Sleep

- onset after stage 1?
- what is different in REM than in the other cycles?
- what happens to EEG activity?

Back 21

60-90 minutes after the start of stage 1 sleep.

Dreaming; also muscles are flaccid.

EEG activity is more alert- desynchronous smaller waves.

Front 22

What is the nightly progression of sleep?

Back 22

First 60-90 minutes= stages 1-4

Next 60-90 minutes= REM sleep

Sequence repeats with stages 3 and 4 dominating early sleep while stage 2 and REM dominating later in the night.

Front 23

Cervou isole preparation

-transection where?
- results in what EEG activity?
- interupted by?

Back 23

midcollicular transection

slow-wave synchronous activity (sleep-like).

Olfactory and visual stimuli

Front 24

Passive sensory theory

-what does it say?
-TRUE/FALSE

Back 24

It suggested that the reason we fall asleep is because of lack of sensation.

NOT TRUE. Even with continuous stimulation the body will still sleep.

Front 25

encephale isole preperation

-teransection where?
- results
- what does this mean?

Back 25

caudal brainstem

does NOT intterupt sleep/wake patterns

Therefore that which controls sleep must be somewhere between the two transections.

Front 26

Partial cerveau isole

-transection?
-results?

Back 26

midcollicular transection

caused slow wave EEG paterns only if transection included reticular formation.

Front 27

What results confirmed the role of the reticular formation in sleep?

Back 27

Sleeping cats were awaken by electrical stimulation of the reticular formation.

Front 28

the reticular formation

-found between
- produces what

Back 28

the two previous preparations (cerveau and encephale)

wakefulness-producing area.

Front 29

Reticular formation

- positions and connections
- single control?

Back 29

The reticular formation is in the perfect position to control sleep it has axons from the frontal cortex to the medulla and from the medulla to the spine.

However, like vision, hearing and movement it is not controlled at one locus.

Front 30

Many brain structures (4) are considered to be involved in arousal (waking up, attention, memory, motivation). What are they?

Back 30

Reticular formation

+locus coerruleus
+hypothalamus
+basal forebrain

Front 31

Raphe nuclei

-Where
-What kind of NT neurons
-lesions produce
-

Back 31

midline of caudal reticular formation.

Serotenergic neurons

Complete insomnia

Front 32

Basal forebrain nuclei

-lesion causes
-stimulation causes

Back 32

disrupts sleep

stimulation does NOT produce sleep.

IN OTHER WORDS INVOLVED IN MANTAINING SLEEP NOT STARTING IT.

Front 33

REM Sleep

-increases in what areas of brain?

-decreases in activity where in brain?

Back 33

decreases in the activity of the frontal cortex. (especially Dorsal Lateral prefrontal cortex)

Increases in amydala, pons, medula, thalamus (AMPT)

Front 34

Why it is believed sleep occurs in REM sleep.

Back 34

Activity increases in amygdala. Amygdala responsible for emotion and dreams are emotional.

Also inactivation of the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex causes incoherence in memories and random thought. JUST LIKE THOSE IN DREAMS!

Front 35

What is the role of the pons in sleep?

Back 35

Inhibits major muscles during REM sleep. Also originates Pons geiculate occipital waves (PGO waves).

Front 36

PGO Waves

- pattern of wave
- found where first
- found where second

Back 36

Large amplitude waves

Pons

Lateral geniculate nucleus (Visual) then to the occipital lobe and finally the thalamus and cortex.

Front 37

In patients with REM deprivation, what is found in the activity of PGO waves?

Back 37

PGO waves start early before REM stage (stages 2 and 4). Maybe even during wake cycles (hallucinations).

Front 38

True/False: external stimulation can be incoorporated in dreams?

Back 38

True

Front 39

True/False: Dreams last only an instant

Back 39

False. Wake a person in REM and they can fairly accurately tell you how long theyve been dreaming.

Front 40

True/False: Everybody dreams

Back 40

True.

Front 41

True/False: penile erection/vaginal secretions suggests dreams had sexual content.

Back 41

Not necesarilly.

Front 42

True/False: Sleepwalking (somnambulism) occurs during dreaming.

Back 42

False. Recall dreams only occur during REM. Recall durng REM muscles are flaccid.

Front 43

REM deprivation symptoms:

Back 43

-dizziness
-impaired concentration
-tremors
-hallucinations
-irritability
-anxiety
-INCREASED apetite

Front 44

Non-REM deprivation symptoms

Back 44

None

Front 45

What else is REM believed to be responsible for?

Back 45

Memory- the process of memory.

Research shows that it only aids in skill learning not fact learning.

Front 46

What does the activation synthesis hypothesis suggest is how the brain causes dreams?

Back 46

Brain synthesizes random neuronal activity into a story.

Brain is aroused during REM but body is "shutdown" so the brain processes memories.

Front 47

Disorders of sleep

Onset insomnia
-difficulty
-due to
-may also include

Back 47

Difficulty getting to sleep

Desynchronation of circadian rhythms. or tolerance to sleeping pills.

Periodic leg movement disorder (PLMD): involuntary kicks and thrashing at sleep onset.

Front 48

Sleep disorders

Maintenance insomnia

-difficulty
-characterized as
-often found in ______ individuals
-relation to

Back 48

difficulty mantaining sleep

prolonged sleep apnea

obese

relation to SIDS (?)

Front 49

Sleep disorder

Termination insomnia
-difficulty
-cause

Back 49

Difficulty sleeping for long enough periods of time.

Desynchronized circadian rhythms.

Front 50

Sleep disorders

Night terrors

-characterized as

Back 50

Extreme fear (not nightmare). Extremely anxious during non REM sleep

Front 51

Sleep disorder

REM Behavior disorder

-characterized as
- results from damage to the
-

Back 51

Very vigorous acting out of dreams

Damage to the pons.

Front 52

Sleep disorders

Sleep walking
-occurs when in the night
-harmful to wake?

Back 52

NOT REM
early in the night during stages 3 and 4

FAMILIAL AND USUALLY IN CHILDREN.

NO.

Front 53

Sleep disorders

Narcolepsi/Cataplexy

-characterized by
-brought on by
-genetic disorder?
-narcoleptics skip what sleep cycle

Back 53

REM-like paralysis

strong emotions

yes causing brain dysfunction

skip slow-wave sleep.

Front 54

In dogs the cause of cataplexy was found to be...

Back 54

Deficiency of hypocreatin secreting neurons.