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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define Neurochemistry
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The branch of neuroscience concerned with the fundamental chemical composition and processes of the nervous system
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Define Neuropharmacology
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Also called psycho pharmacology. The scientific field concerned with the discovery and study of compounds that selectively affect the functioning of the nervous system.
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Define Amine neurotransmitter
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A neurotransmitter based on modifications of a single amino acid nucleus, such as acetylcholine, serotonin, or dopamine
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Define amino acid neurotransmitter
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A neurotransmitter that is itself, an amino acid, such as GABA, glycine, or glutamate
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Define peptide neurotransmitter
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A neurotransmitter consisting of a short chain of amino acids
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Gas neurotransmitter
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A soluble gas, such as nitric oxide or carbon monoxide, that is produced and released by a neuron to alter the functioning of another neuron
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Receptor
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Also called receptor molecule. a protein that captures and reacts to molecules of a transmitter or hormone
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Ionotropic receptor
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a receptor protein that includes an ion channel that is opened when the receptor is bound by an agonist
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Metabotropic receptor
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A type of transmitter receptor that does not contain an ion channel, but may, when activated, us a G protein system to open a nearby ion channel
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Receptor subtype
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Any type of receptor having functional characteristics that distinguish it from other types of receptors for the same neurotransmitter
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Ligand
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A substance that binds to receptor molecules, such as those at the surface of the cell
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Agonist
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A molecule, usually a drug, that binds a receptor molecule and initiates a response like that of another molecule, usually a neurotransmitter
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Antagonist
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A molecule, usually a drug, that interferes with or prevents the action of a transmitter
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Inverse agonist
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A substance that binds to a receptor and causes it to do the opposite of what the naturally occurring transmitter does
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Endogenous
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Produced inside the body
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exogenous
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Arising from outside the body
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Co-localization
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Also called co-release,. Here, the appearance of more than one neurotransmitter in a given presynaptic terminal
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Acetylcholine
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(ACh) An amine transmitter that stimulates muscle contraction, but is also found throughout the brain
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Cholinergic
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Referring to cells that use acetylcholine as their synaptic transmitter
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Nicotinic
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Referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to nicotine as well as to acetylcholine
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Muscarinic
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referring to cholinergic receptors that respond to the chemical muscarine as well as to acetylcholine
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Catecholamines
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A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, incli\uding dopamine and norepinephrine
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Indoleamines
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A class of monoamines that serve as neurotransmitters, including serotonin and melatonin
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Dopamine (DA)
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A monoamine transmitter found in the mid brain - especially the substantia nigra- and basal fore brain
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Mesostriatal pathway
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A set of dopaminergic axons arising from the midbrain and innervating the basal ganglia, including those from the substantia nigra to the striatum
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Mesolimbocortical pathway
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A set of dopaminergic axons arising in the midbrain and innervating the limbic system and cortex
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substantia nigra
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A midbrain structure that provides dopaminergic projections to areas of the forebrain, eapeically the basal ganglia
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Striatum
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The caudate nucleus and putamen together
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Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
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A portion of the midbrain that projects dopaminergic fibers to the nucleus accumbens
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Norepinephrine (NE)
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Also called noradrenaline. A synaptic transmitter that is produced mainly in brainstem nuclei
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Locus coeruleus
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A small nucleus in the brainstem whose neurons produce norepinephrine and modulate large areas of the forebrain
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Noradrenergic
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Referring to systems using norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as a transmitter
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Serotonin (5-HT)
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A synaptic transmitter that is produced in the raphe nuclei and is active in structures throughout the cerebral hemispheres
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Serotonergic
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referring to neurons that use serotonin as their synaptic transmitter
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Raphe nuclei
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A string of nuclei in the midline of the midbrain and brainstem that contain most of the serotonergic neurons of the brain
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Dorsal raphe
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One of the midbrain muclei that give rise to most of the serotonergic projections of the brain
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Glutamate
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An amino acid transmitter, the most common excitatory transmitter
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Asparate
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An amino acid transmitter that is excitatory at many synapses
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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A widely distributed amino-acid transmitter, and the main inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian nervous system
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Glycine
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an amino acid transmitter, often inhibitory
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Glutamatergic
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Referring to cells that use glutamate as their synaptic transmitter
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Excitotoxicity
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The property by which neurons die when overstimulated, as with large amounts of glutamate
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opioid peptide
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A type of endogenous peptide that mimics the effects of morphine in binding to opioid receptors and producing marked analgesia and reward
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Nitric oxide (NO)
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A soluble gas that serves as a retrograde gas neurotransmitter in the nervous system
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Retrograde transmitter
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A neurotransmitter that diffuses from the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron
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