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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How many NREM stages are there?
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4
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What are the deepest stages of NREM sleep?
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3 and 4
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REM makes up ___ of sleep time
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¼
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REM sleep and dreaming are triggered by ___
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the pons
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What is acronym for sleep history? What does it stand for?
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BEARS. Bedtime, excessive daytime sleepiness, awakenings, regularity and duration of sleep, snoring
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What is determined in temporal lobe?
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Auditory and olfactory. Visual assosications (processing of what goes on in occipital lobe)
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What is parietal lobe responsible for?
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visual attention. touch perception. Manipulation of objects
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What is function of medulla?
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Centers for cough, gag, swallow, and vomit. Cardiac Center. Respiratory Center.
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What is function of pons?
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Arousal. Assists in Controlling Autonomic Functions. Relays Sensory Information Between the Cerebrum and Cerebellum. Sleep
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Damage to cerebello-pontine structures would result in impaired _____
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coordination of movement and/or posture
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Where is substancia nigra found?
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Midbrain
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What is function of thalamus?
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It relays to the cerebral cortex information received from diverse brain regions– the 'last pit stop' for information going to cortex
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What is role of hypothalmu (3)?
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1) many regulating functions including the autonomic nervous system, emotions and behavior, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep-waking cycles 2) Controls the release of hormones under its control: growth, prolactin, thyroid, corticotropin, and gonadotropins 3) Regulation of sex hormones, blood pressure, body temperature, water balance, respiration, and food intake,
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What is shaped like a seahorse?
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Hippocampus
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What is function of hippocampus?
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Stores, processes and retrieves memories . Affects emotions. Main relay station that determines whether a new memory should go into long-term storage or be deleted after its short-term usefulness is over
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What are functions of basal ganglia?
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Controls voluntary movements and establishing postures. Controls voluntary limb movement, eye movement, and cognition.
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Disorders of movement may be mediated through ___
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basal ganglia
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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released by terminal buttons of neurons and detected by receptors in the membrane of another cell a short distance away.
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What is a neuromodulator?
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released in large amounts from the terminal buttons, but diffused throughout part of the brain, affecting many neurons
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What is a hormone?
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produced by endocrine glands, released into extracellular fluid and from there into the bloodstream. Stimulate cell receptors on membrane surface or deep within nuclei of cells, including neurons
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What are pheromones?
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chemicals released into the environment through sweat, urine, or secretions of special glands. Most receptors in nose of other animals, but may also be detected in skin or other organs
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What is ALWAYS the first signaler on efferent pathways to the peripheral nervous system?
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Acetlcholine
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What is Made from the amino acid tyrosine?
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Catacholamines
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What are the catacholamines?
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Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
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What destroys catacholamines?
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MOA
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What is made from Tryptophan?
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Serotonin
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Serotonin is ___ in muscle pathways, ___ in sensory pathways
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excitatory. inhibitory
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Opoids, unlike other transmitters, _________
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these are made in the cell body, put into vesicles, and transported all the way down the axon for release.
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What is the Physiologic Component of anxiety and panic?
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Excessive Autonomic Discharge
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To treat panic-____
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benzodiazepines
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For chronic prevention of panic and anxiety_____
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SSRI’s or Tricyclics
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For systemic symptoms of panic and anxiety ____
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Beta Blockers
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The structural abnormalities believed to be linked to bipolar disorder are ____
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amygdala, basal ganglia, and prefrontal cortex.
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Unmedicated bipolar patients have ___ amygdalas
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smaller
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The extreme ‘mood swings’ in bipolar disorder have been strongly associated with ___
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disruptions in circadian rhythms
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Lithium blocks ___ enzyme
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GSK3
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If you have too much of __ your circadian cycles are all screwed up
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GSK3
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___ makes GSK3 enzyme
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CLOCK gene
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schitzophrenia is associated with ___
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SNPs
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what is Neuregulin?
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A growth hormone releasing factor.Its absence may predispose to schizophrenia.
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What genes might cause schizophrenia?
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12 and 8
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One theory says – schizophrenia caused by an overactive ___ system
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dopamine
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Many drugs for schizophrenia work by blocking ___ receptors
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dopamine
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As part of the reward pathway, ____ is manufactured in nerve cell bodies located within the ___ and is released in the ___.
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Dopamine. ventral tegmental area (VTA). nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex.
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The motor functions of dopamine are linked to a separate pathway, with cell bodies in the ___
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substantia nigra.
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CT scans of schizophrenic patients feature ___
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larger than normal lateral ventricles
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Typical schizophrenia meds – block ___ receptors, help symptoms
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dopamine. positive
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Typical Atypicals schrizophrenia meds – block___; help with ___
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serotonin and dopamine. Helps with pos and neg symptoms
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