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50 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

hypothalamus

-arranged into nuclei
-tight clumps of neuronal cell bodies
-serve similar functions, project to same areas
-discrete nuclei, project to median emience
- release or inhibit
- use blood portal system

-arranged into nuclei


-tight clumps of neuronal cell bodies


-serve similar functions, project to same areas


-discrete nuclei, project to median emience


- release or inhibit


- use blood portal system

pituitary

beneath hypothalamus

beneath hypothalamus

post pituitary

-extension of brain
-made of neural tissue

-extension of brain


-made of neural tissue

anterior pituitary/intermediate lobe

-non neural tissue
-derived from the roof of the mouth

-non neural tissue


-derived from the roof of the mouth

Post Pituitary Horomones

-Oxytocin (nursing, labor, bonds)


-Vasopressin (antidiuretic ADH)


-neurohormones


-synthesized in hypothalamus


-blood supply



Blood Portal System

-veins connecting to capillary beds


-hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system


-Hypo -> Median -> Ant. Pit.

Tropic Horomones

-endocrine gland as target

Hypophysiotropic Hms

-target is ant pit


-releasing (RH) and inhibiting (IH)


-other tropic and non tropic

Neurohoromones (Hypo -> ant pit)

Repro: Gonadotropin RH/IH (GnRH/IH)


Stress: Corticotropin RH (CRH)


Metabolic Rate: Thyrotropin RH (TRH)


Growth: Growth Hm RH/IH (GHRH/IH)


Color Change: Melanotropin RH (MRH)


Dopamine = Prolactin IH

Ant. Pit. -> Peripheral Blood Supply Hms

-Adrenocorticotropic Hm (ACTH)


-Thyroid stimulating Hm (TSH)


-Luteinizing Hm (LH)


-Follicle stimulating Hm (FSH)


-Prolactin


-Growth Hm


-B endorphins


- a melanocyte stimulating Hm



Regulation of Secretion and Synthesis

-direct effects from env. rare


-signals come from CNS


-feedback via endocrine system



Negative Feedback

product of target prevents endocrine gland from secreting




Hm -> target -> product -> endocrine gland

Positive Feedback

product of target enhances endocrine gland secretion

Hm -> target -> product -> endocrine gland

Bioassays

-conducted in living animals


-extract whose activity you want to understand


-inject solution, measure effect

Bioassay Drawbacks

-animal use, $, # animals


-contamination


-false positives (Stress, repro status)





Immunoassays

-determine conc of hm in body fluids


-competitive binding


-antibodies grab hm


-B cells produce antibodies


-inject animal with non-self antigen


-isolate and purify antibodies

Radioimmunoassay

-add labeled hm, compete w/ unlabeled


-competitive binding


-equal binding likelihood


-proportion of labeled/unlabeled matters


-lower % bound means higher hm conc in animal





Standard Curve

- = amts antibody


- = amts labeled hm


- varying, known conc of unlabeled hm


- when determining unlabeled, conc is unknown

Enzymimmunoassay

-ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay


-hm labeled with enzyme


-measure color change (Abs)

Immunoassay Limitations

-crossreactivity of antibody, must be specific


-cost/equipment


-RIA = radioactive substance

Western Blotting

-whether a protein is present in tissue


-homogenize tissues, lyse cells


-separate protein by gel electrophoresis


-transfer to membrane


-incubate w/ tagged antibodies


-detect by chemiluminescence

Immunocytochemistry/histochemistry (ICC/IHC)

-location of protein in tissue


-antibodies linked to marker molecule


-fluorescent dye


-enzyme -> color change


-slice tissue


-incubate slices w/ antibody


- Ab binds protein of interest


-visualize with fluorescence/light microscopy

Western Blot/ICC/IHC Limitations

-antibody crossreactivity


-antibody may not recognize protein


-Ab may not be sensitive enough to detect all molecules of interest

Northern Blotting

-if protein is being produced in a tissue


-sample


-RNA extraction


-electrophoresis, separate by size


-transfer to membrane, fixed w/ UV or heat


-labeled probes added (radiolabeled)


-xray film

in situ Hybridization

-tissue sliced


-incubated w/ radiolabelled cDNA probe


-cDNA probe should bind to mRNA if present


-cDNA will appear as dark spots

Receptor Autoradiography

-where hm receptors are in tissue and hm uptake


-can also use ICC/IHC


-use radiolabelled hm


-inject hm, sacrifice animal, slice tissue or do in vitro


-lay over photographic film

Ablation and Replacement

-find fxn of hm in live animal by increasing or decreasing levels


-remove gland that produces hm, inject or simply record changes

Pharmacological techniques

-Agonists


-Antagonists


-Enzyme inhibitors

Agonists

-bind to hm receptor, triggers cellular response, "mimic"


-DES, estrogen receptor agent

Antagonists

-prevent normal ligand (Hm) binding, "blocker"


-Flutamide, androgen receptor antagonist


-RU486, blocks progesterone & glucocorticoids

Enzyme Inhibitors

-block actions of enzymes key in hm synthesis


-Fadrozole, blocks aromatase


-Metyrapone, blocks glucocorticoid synthesis

Pharmacological Technique Limitations

-Receptor affinity, may differ for native hm vs drug


-Broad effects on physiology and behavior


-sickness behavior


-may affect other receptors

First Endocrine Study

-Arnold Berthold, 1849


-Group 1: castration


-Group 2: castrate and replace


-Group 3: castrate and swap


-all but group 1 grew up normally

Two things to remember

-Hormones do not cause behavior, they influence the likelihood that a behavior will be expressed in an appropriate context


-Hormones affect behavior and behavior affects hormones

Hormones

-chemical messengers


-secreted by endocrine cells


-travel through blood


-affect target cells at different sites

Four Chemical Types

1. Protein or Peptide


2. Steroids


3. Monoamines


4. Lipid-based Hms

Proteins

-water soluble, not lipid soluble


-stored in cells


-can't diffuse, use vesicles


-constitutive secretion


-regulated


-receptors in membrane

constitutive secretion

released as soon as it's made, doesn't need signal

regulated

external signal required

Pre-pro-insulin

amino acids are species specific

Steroids

-made by enzymatic modifications of cholesterol


-in mitochondria, SER


-lipid soluble


-can't be stored in cells


-constitutive


-don't use vesicles, diffuse across membrane


-receptors usually intracellular


-same hms across different species

5 Groups of Steroids

1. Glucocorticoids


2. Androgens


3. Estrogens


4. Progestins


5. Mineralocorticoids

Monoamines

-derived from single amino acid


-thyroid hms, derived from tyrosine


-T3 & T4 (T4 technically a peptide)


-catecholamines (epinephrine & norepinephrine)


-indolamines (melatonin- produced in dark)


- not lipid soluble


-regulated


-can be stored in cells


-receptors in membrane

Lipid-Based Hms

-modified fatty acids, "eicosanoids"


-lipid soluble


-constitutive


-diffusion across membrane, need transporters


-membrane receptors

Hormone Transport

-most peptides, all catecholamine hms blood soluble


-steroid & thyroid hms circulate in blood bound to carriers, or "free"


-hm/carrier complex blood soluble


-reversible binding


-if receptor can't bind hm, hm is useless

Biological Activity of bound and free hms

-only free can leave blood


-biologically active, can bind receptors at target cells


-able to be cleared by liver (broken down)

Hormone Receptors

-reversible bond


-high specificity


-high affinity, hm likely to bond when hm is at low levels


-low capacity

Membrane-Bound Receptor

-2 types:


-receptors w/ intrinsic enzyme activity


-receptors that require 2nd messenger


-rapid changes in cell


-signal amplification

Intracellular/Genomic Receptors

-located in cytosol or nucleus


-hm/receptor complex acts as gene transcription factor


-slow changes

Endocrine system

dynamic