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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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15 How do respondent & operant conditioning interact to produce behaviors? |
SEQUENCE Child approaches dog->child is knocked down->child cries (and shows emotional distress called "anxiety" or "fear") RESPONDENT Pairing{NS (sight of dog close by) {US (being knocked down)...> UR ("anxiety") Results: CS (sight of dog close by) tends to elicit CR "anxiety" OPERANT S (sight of dog...>R (child approaches dog)...>Punisher (child is knocked down) Result 1: R tends not to occur again Result 2: The sight of the dog close by tends to be a conditioned punisher (because of pairing with being knocked down). (The sight of a dog may have become a punisher at least in part because it will now ellicit anxiety.) Seeing large dog becomes a conditioned stimulus, and to avoid the response of anxiety, the kids uses escape conditioning. |
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15 What are the four important aspects of emotion? |
1. Bodily Reaction 2. Outward Expression 3. Awareness/Description 4. Causes of Emotion |
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15 Explain Bodily Reaction & provide an example that you can examine. (1/4) |
Inner sensations and reflexes from the digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems -all functions of the nervous system as a response to stimulus Examples: heart rate increases and breathing becomes rapid |
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15 Explain Outward Expression & provide an example that you can examine. (2/4) |
Outside body responses that follows inner reflexes based on social conditioning Examples: anger causes clenched fists, silence, or shouting |
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15 Explain Awareness/Description & provide an example that you can examine. (3/4) |
Learn to label emotions; doing so may misrepresent the actions/behaviors though. |
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15 Explain Causes of Emotions & provide an example that you can examine. (4/4) |
-Presentation of reinforcers produces the emotion called joy. -Withholding or withdrawing reinforcers produces the emotion called anger. -Presentation of aversive stimuli produces the emotion called anxiety. -Withdrawal of aversive stimuli produces an emotion that is called relief. |
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15 What is the respondent component of emotions? |
Bodily Reactions (inner sensations) |
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15 What systems are involved in the respondent component of emotions? |
Nervous system: digestive, circulatory, and respiratory systems |
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15 What are some of the body reflexes you experience? |
Heart rate increasing, breathing becomes more rapid, queasiness in the stomach. |
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15 What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? |
Instincts preparing you for fight or flight. |
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15 What are the operant components of emotion? |
Actions and Awareness |
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15 How do your operant learning experiences affect the operant components of emotion? |
Makes assumptions and generalizations about behaviors. |
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15 How can your labeling of emotions be inaccurate? |
Labeling can cause you to misjudge a situation or behavior making it difficult to assess the way we talk about emotions. |
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15 What are the respondent and operant components of thinking? |
1. Imagery 2. Self-Talk |
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15 Components of {thinking}: Imagery -Define & give examples |
When you associate images to specific words Example: When you hear or read the word rose, you probably can visualized a picture of a rose in your head |
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15 Components of {thinking}: Self-talk -Define & give examples |
When you contemplate silently to yourself Example: When you're deciding on an outfit for the day, you may wonder what the weather is like |
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20 What are the phases of a behavior modification program & what happens in each of these phases? |
1. Screening/Intake: initial interaction between client and practitioner- determines who is best fit to deal with the client's behavior 2. Baseline: assesses the target behavior to determine its level prior to the introduction of the program and analyzes the individual's current environment to identify possible controlling variables that needs to be changed 3. Treatment: analyst or therapist will design a program to bring about the desired behavior change 4. Follow-Up: determines whether the improvements achieved are maintained after the program's termination. |
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20 Why is establishing the baseline important? |
Just like in research, their needs to be a "control" to compare whether or not the behavior has increased or decreased due to the implemented program -Form of measurement |
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20 What is behavioral assessment? |
The collection and analysis of information and data in order to (a) identify and describe target behaviors, (b) identify possible causes of the behavior, (c) guide the selection of an appropriate behavioral treatment, (d) evaluate treatment outcome |
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20 What are three types of behavioral assessment procedures for collecting information about target behaviors? |
1. Indirect Assessment Procedures 2. Direct Assessment Procedures 3. Experimental Assessment Procedures |
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20 Examples of Indirect Assessment Procedures |
Interviews, Questionnaires, Role-Playing, Client Self-Monitoring -all used to gauge behaviors unable to be observed |
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20 Examples of Direct Assessment Procedures |
Directly observable behaviors |
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20 Examples of Experimental Assessment Procedures |
A-B-C Observations Clearly reveals antecedent and consequent events |
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20 Pros & Cons of Indirect Assessment Procedures |
Pros: convenient, not time consuming, potentially provides information about covert behaviors Cons: not always accurate (recollection isn't perfect), may have biases that would influence individuals to provide inaccurate data |
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20 Pros & Cons of Direct Assessment Procedures |
Pros: more accurate than indirect assessments Cons: time consuming, requires observers be appropriately trained, and can't be used to monitor covert behaviors |
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20 Pros & Cons of Experimental Assessment Procedures |
Pros: appropriate scheduling of positive reinforcers and/or punishers would overcome whatever might have been causing it Cons: finding positive reinforcers powerful enough to overcome extremely severe problem behaviors was hard |
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20 What are some reasons for collecting and using data? |
1. an accurate behavioral preprogram assessment helps the behavior modifier to decide whether he or she is the appropriate one to design a treatment program 2. an accurate baseline will sometimes indicate that what someone thought to be a problem is actually not one 3. data collection during the preprogram assessment often helps the behavior modifier identify both the causes of a behavior and the best treatment strategy 4. provides a means for clearly determining whether program is producing the desired change in behavior or not 5. posted results can reinforce behavior modifiers for carrying out a program |
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21 Define Target Behavior |
Behavior to be improved in a behavior modification program |
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21 What is an operational definition? |
Used to define something (e.g. a variable, term, or object) in terms of a process (or set of validation tests) needed to determine its existence, duration, and quantity -should be repeatable by anyone or at least by peers |
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21 Examples of Operational Definitions |
Consumption of goods: any intake of edible sources of nutrients (food) |
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21 What are the criteria for creating a good operational definition? |
1. You have to be specific 2. You need to be able to make it easy to understand for others 3. Keep it consistent |
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21 What are the dimensions of behavior that you can record? (six) |
1. Topography 2. Frequency 3. Duration 4. Intensity 5. Latency 6. Quality |
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21 What is Topography? Give examples. |
Specific movements involved in making the response Example: dividing movements into components (breakdown checklist of doing squats) |
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21 What is Frequency? Give examples. |
Number of instances of a behavior that occur in a given period of time Example: counting how often someone popped their bubble gum (beginning of baseline) |
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21 What is Duration? Give examples. |
Length of time that the behavior occurs within some period Example: the length of a temper tantrum (overall picture of the behavior rather than a glimpse) |
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21 What is Intensity? Give examples. |
Measures magnitude or force of a response Example: if loudness of voice is a concern, measuring decibel levels can be used to assess the behavior |
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21 What is Latency? Give examples. |
Time between the occurrence of a stimulus and the beginning of that behavior Example: delay from when a child is given an assignment to when they choose to begin said assignment |
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21 What is Quality? Give examples. |
Refinement in characteristics of topography, frequency, duration, intensity and latency Example: A "good" child may have high frequency in studying and answering questions correctly/ A runner who leaves the blocks very quickly after the firing of the starter pistol might be considered to have a "good" latency |
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21 What are the strategies for recording behavior? (five) |
1. Continuous Recording 2. Interval Recording 3. Partial Interval Recording 4. Whole Interval Recording 5. Momentary Time Sampling |
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21 Explain Continuous Recording & give examples. |
Recording of every instance of a behavior during a designated observation period. Used when successive responses are quite similar in duration. Example: number cigarettes smoked, instances of a child pinching another child, and frequency of saying "like" |
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21 Explain Interval Recording |
Logs the behavior as either occurring or not occurring during short intervals of equal duration (intervals of 10 seconds) during the specified observation period (like 10 minutes). |
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21 Explain Partial Interval Recording & give examples. |
Records the target behavior a maximum of once per interval regardless of how many times the behavior occurs during each interval and regardless of the behavior's duration Example: If you're observing a kid shouting, and they stopped part of the way during an interval, you still count it if it happened within that same interval |
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21 Explain Whole Interval Recording & give examples. |
Denotes the target behavior as occurring during an interval only if the behavior persists throughout the entire interval Example: if the kid stops shouting at any point within the interval, it doesn't count- they have to go the entire 10 second interval |
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21 Explain Momentary Time Sampling & give examples. |
Scores a behavior as occurring or not occurring during very brief observation intervals that are separated from each other by a much longer period of time. Example: Observe at 30 second intervals once every hour to see how often a behavior like rocking back and forth occurs |
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21 What are some sources of error that can affect the accuracy of observation? |
1. Response Definition might be too vague or incomplete 2. Observational Situation might be such that an observer has difficulty detecting the behavior due to distractions or other obstructions, also hard if the behavior is too subtle or complex to observe 3. Observer might be poorly trained, unmotivated, or biased |
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21 What is IOR? |
Interobserver Reliability estimates: Two independent observers might record observations of the same behavior of the same individual during a given session. How closely will their data compare? |
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21 How is IOR relate to the assessment of the accuracy of observations? |
Sort of like a checks and balances to ensure the accuracy of observations |
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21 How is IOR calculated for frequency data? |
Approach of counting two totals and then dividing the smaller by the larger and multiplying it by 100% |
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21 How is IOR calculated for interval data? |
Obtained by dividing the number of intervals on which the two observers agree that the behavior occurred by the total number of intervals on which either recorded a behavior and multiplying by 100% (agreements / by agreements + disagreements on the occurrence of a behavior * 100%) |
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23 What is functional assessment and its purpose? |
Variety of procedures for attempting to identify antecedents and consequences of problem behaviors |
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23 What are the methods used to perform functional assessment? (three) |
1. Interview & Questionnaire Assessments 2. A-B-C Observations 3. Functional Analysis |
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23 How are Interviews & Questionnaires used? |
1. Provides a rapid and consistent way of gathering information 2. Information provided may serve as a basis for obtaining follow-up information that might be useful 3. When there is high agreement among several informants on a questionnaire, it may be possible to save time in conducting a functional analysis by ruling out some potential reinforcers |
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23 How are A-B-C Observations used? |
Carefully observes and describes the antecedents and immediate consequences of the problem behavior in its natural settings. -from these descriptions, one forms hypotheses about the antecedent stimuli, motivational variables, and consequences controlling the problem behavior. Then one devises and implements a treatment plan based on hypotheses. |
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23 How are Functional Analyses used? |
Systematic manipulation of environmental events to experimentally test their role as antecedents or consequences in controlling or maintaining specific problem behaviors. |
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23 What are the major causes of problem behaviors? (six) |
1. Social Positive Reinforcement 2. Internal Self-Stimulatory Positive Reinforcement 3. External Sensory Positive Reinforcement 4. Social Negative Reinforcement 5. Elicited-Respondent 6. Medical |
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26 What is Self-Control? |
A strategy for using principles of behavior modification to change or control one's own behavior. |
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26 What are the three reasons behavioral excesses occur? |
1. Immediate reinforcers may outweigh delayed punishers 2. Immediate reinforcers may outweigh cumulatively significant punishers 3. Immediate reinforcers may outweigh delayed reinforcers for an alternative desirable behavior |
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26 Examples of immediate reinforcers outweighing delayed punishers |
A teenager wants to go out with friends but still has homework. When the parents ask about the homework, the teenager lies and is allowed to hang out with friends. The lie is immediately reinforced and not discovered until later. |
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26 Examples of immediate reinforcers outweighing cumulatively significant punishers |
Overeating. Having an extra slice of cake once isn't significantly harmful as having an extra slice of cake after every single meal would. |
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26 Examples of immediate reinforcers outweighing delayed reinforcers for an alternative desirable behavior |
Saving for a retirement fund rather than spending it on new clothes now. |
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26 What are the three examples of behavioral deficits that can be changed via a self-control program? |
1. Immediate small punishers may outweigh reinforcers that are cumulatively significant 2. Immediate small punishers may outweigh an immediate by highly unlikely major punisher 3. Immediate small punishers may outweigh delayed but major punishers |
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26 What are the steps that need to be taken to design a self-control program? |
1. Specify the problem and set goals 2. Make a commitment to change 3. Take data and analyze causes 4. Design and implement a treatment plan 5. Prevent relapse and make your gains last |
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26 Specify the problem and set goals. |
1. List benefits and post where visible 2. Make public commitments 3. Incorporate frequent reminders 4. Make a list of encouraging statements for times of temptation |
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26 Take data & analyze the causes. |
1. Look closely at the antecedents 2. Consider the consequences maintaining your behavior |
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26 Design & implement a program. |
1. Manage antecedents: physically guide yourself, change surroundings, change people, change time 2. Manage consequences: eliminate reinforcers of negative behaviors and reinforce yourself for good ones |
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26 What are the common causes of relapses? |
Failure to anticipate setback antecedents, not anticipating unavoidable setback antecedents and coping with them, overreaction to minor setbacks, counterproductive self-talk, trying too much too soon, etc. |
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26 What is a behavioral contract? |
A written agreement that provides a clear statement of what behaviors of which individuals will produce what consequences and who will deliver those consequences |
