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Dogmatism vs. relativism

Dogmatism: Det finns en absolut sanning!
Motbevis: Forskningen går framåt, sanningen är inte komplett.

Relativism: Vi vet inte allt, det finns inga absoluta sanningar.

Rationalism vs. empirism

Rationalism: Våra sinnen ger en ofullständig bild av omvärlden. Främsta källan till kunskap är logiskt tänkande och förnuft. (Förkastar observationer)

Empirism: Främsta källan till kunskap är observationer.

Positivism vs. hermeneutik

Positivsm: Hänger ihop med empirism. Vetenskap bygger på observationer, upprepningar formulerar lag.

Hermeneutik: Tolkning av händelser, inte egna observationer.

Deteminism vs Fatalism

Determinism: Framtidens händelser är bestämda av tidigare händelser. Med tillräcklig kunskap kan allt förutses.

Fatalism: Ingen koppling till tidigare händelser, ödesbestämt.

Monoism

1. Materialism: Allt från kropp och själ förklaras av materia. (Kvant) ont i (Tanden)
2. Idealism: medvetande, upplevelser, (ont) i tanden. (kval)

Dualism

Kropp och själ hänger ihop

Realism vs. solipsism

Realism: Objekt existerar oberoende av observatören.
Solipsism: Objektet existerar endast i observatörens ögon.

Intern validitet och extern validitet

Intern validitet: Kontroll över systematiska felkällor (bias) ex. bortfall.
Extern validitet: Graden av generaliserbarhet.

Subsumtionsmodellen

Varför flyter just denna isbit?
Efarenhetsmässigt visar sig is flyta under alla kända förhållanden.
Faktum: detta är en isbit.
Slutsats: Denna isbit flyter.

Pragmatiska modellen

Förklaringen kommer av en oväntad observation. Ex flemming och antibiotika

Hermeneutiska modellen

Försök till förståelse och förklaring genom tolkning