Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Underestimation of LVOT diameter is the most common error leading to underestimation of
|
AV
|
|
Is Tricuspid more towards apex or base of hrt
|
Apex
|
|
Structures looked at to evaluate septal defect
|
IVS, SVC, PV coronary sinus
|
|
What are the hemodynamic consequences of ASD
|
RV volume overload
|
|
During Systole Av and MV are opened or closed
|
Av opened
MV Closed |
|
The name of the artery of the medisternum that supplies blood to the right arm, head and neck.
|
The innominate artery, also called the brachocephalic artery or brachocephalic trunk.
|
|
What two arteries does the brachiocephalic artery branch off into
|
1) Common Carotid artery
2) Subclavian artery |
|
The Hrt has 3 layers. What is the inside layer called
|
epicardium
|
|
The opening of the MV is surronded by a fibrous ring known as the
|
MV annulus
|
|
How many cusps does the PV have
|
Three
|
|
What is the Arantius Nodule
|
midpoint of the aortic cusps, where they are the thickest
|
|
Which sinus is behind each AV cusp
|
it's associated Valsalva Sinus
|
|
What is the function of the valsalva sinuses
|
They support cusps during systole and provide a reservoir of blood to augment coronary artery flow during diastole
|
|
Failure to achieve parallel alignment will result in _________ of true velocity
|
underestimation
|
|
As far as timing of the MV and AV jets, which has a longer duration
|
MV, it begins during isovolumic contration and extends in isovolumic relaxation
|
|
In rheumatic hrt disease the open anterior leaflet has been described as having a ______ appearance
|
hockey stick
|
|
Thickening and fusion of the MV commissural edges and chordae can create a ___ motion
|
dooming motion
|
|
On M-mode. First peak of MV movement ( early E wave) coincides with passive (diasystolic)
|
LA to LV flow
|
|
Second peak of MV m-mode movement coincides with
|
atrial contraction and active (systolic) flow of blood into the LV ( A wave)
|
|
AV pressure gradients depend on CO. They can be overestimated in high output stated eg. anemia and underestimated in low output states eg systemic hrt failure. The _____ ____ helps in this case.
|
continuity equation
|
|
# of pulmonary veins
|
4
R superior R inferior L superior L inferior |
|
pulmonary veins extend from the ____ _____ to the lungs
|
LA
|
|
Pulmonary edema can be divided into which two categories
|
1. edema caused by increased capillary pressure--hydrostatic or cariogenic edema
2. Edemas caused by capillary permeability--noncardiogenic pulmonary edema or acute respirtory distress syndrome ARDS |
|
The most common cause of cardiogenic P. edema is
|
LV dysfunction
|
|
Types of Doppler ultrasound
|
1. CW
2. PW 3. Color Flow |
|
Modified Bernouli Equation is used to measure
|
blood velocity--can determine chamber pressure and pressure gradients
|
|
Name of AV cusps
|
LCC, RCC, NCC
|
|
Name of PV cusps
|
AC, LC, RC
|
|
Name of TV cusps
|
Anterior, Septal and Posterior
|
|
Name of MV cusps
|
Aterior and Posterior
|
|
PV's septal leaflet is also called
|
medial leaflet
|
|
What is the double membrane sac
|
pericardium
|
|
Vena Cavas empty into the
|
RA
|
|
What is sometimes referred to as the second obstruction of MVS
|
pulmonary hupertension
|
|
When there is only one papillary mucle in the LV what is the deformity referred to that is often seen
|
Parachute
|
|
What can cause parachute of MV
|
MVS
supravalvular ring of LA subaortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta |
|
What does PISA stand for
|
proximal isovelocity surface area
|
|
Most common benign primary cardiac tumor is
|
myxoma
|
|
most common site of a myxoma is
|
LA
|
|
Ebstein anomaly is associated with what
|
TV. Characterized by apical displacement of the septal leaflet into RV cavity
|
|
What is Truncus Arterious
|
only one great artery leading into the heart---
Normally there are two, pulmonary and aorta |
|
When pericardial cavity or space does fill with blood the HRT can't work and the condition is fatal if not treated. The name of this syndrome is
|
Cardiac Tomponade
|
|
Foramen Ovale connects what
|
Right and Left Atria
|
|
Ductus Ateriosus connects the
|
Aorta and Pulmonary Artery
|
|
Etiolory of RHD caused MVR
|
Blood wall hugging
|
|
Etiology of MVR ischemic
|
central blood movement
leaflet tenting annular dilation papillary muscle rupture |
|
Meaning of Vena Contracta
|
narrowest portion of MR jet downstream of jet
|
|
formula for MVR volume
|
Flow across MV - LVOT
|
|
type of Doppler used to determine velocity
|
PW
|
|
on an EKG a saddle shaped ST segment elevation can indicate
|
pericarditis
|
|
Atrial connections
|
IVC
SVC Pulmonary veins CS |
|
Whhich is the first to close Patent Ductus Arteriosus or PFO
|
Patent Ductus Arteriosis
|
|
intrinsic rate of AV node
|
50 beats/min
|
|
intrinsic rate of myocardiam tissue
|
30 beats/min
|
|
The Doppler pattern seen with acute MVR has the appearance of
|
a V wave
|
|
Watter balloon appearance of MV is assoiciated with
|
Marfans Syndrome
|
|
Basic divisions of LV
|
basal
mid apical |
|
Largest TV leaflet
|
anterior
|
|
The second HRT sound is made by the
|
closing of the AV valve
|
|
T wave on the EKG represents
|
ventricular repolarization
|
|
What is the absolute refractory state
|
that period when muscle cell is not excitable
from phase1 until into phase 3 |
|
during which phase of the hrt cycle does contration occur
|
phase 2
|
|
What is the infundibulum
|
RV outflow track funnel shaped
|
|
Where does the right subclavian artery arise from
|
Innominate artery
|
|
Tunica Adventitia refers to
|
The outer lining of arterial wall 3 secions of arterial wall are tunica intima, media and adventitia
|
|
The great vessels of the HRT are
|
Aorta and Pulmonary
|
|
Percent of oxygen in RA, RV and main PA
|
75%
|
|
percent of oxygen in LA, LV and Aorta
|
95 percent
|
|
Percent of oxygen in PA and PV
|
97 percent
|
|
2 common features of V volume overload
|
1) increase RV diastolic dimension
2) Paradoxical septal motion |
|
Best window for viewing ASD
|
subcostal
|
|
normal pressure of LV
|
120/80
|
|
Normal pressure of RA
|
0-5
|
|
normal pressure of LV
|
10/12
|
|
Systole begins with
|
QRS complex
|
|
Diastole begins at
|
the end of the T wave
|
|
Beginning Diastole is known as
|
end systole
|
|
end systole is the end of the
|
T wave
|
|
End diastole to end systole is end of P wave to
|
end of T wave
|
|
End diastole is beginning of
|
QRS complex
|
|
Does AI happen during diastole or systole
|
Diastole
|
|
Valves with leaflets
|
MV and TV
|
|
Valves with cusps
|
PV and AOV the semilunar valves
|
|
ON M-mode E and A stand for
|
E-early diastolic filling
A- Atrial Kick |
|
Congenital abnormality of TV where there is apical displacement of septal leaflet and tetering or the lateral leaflet to the ventrical wall
|
Ebstein anomaly
|
|
SV=EDV- ESV
what does this formula mean |
stroke volume= end diastolic volume - end systolic volume
|
|
Factors that effect stroke volume
|
-HRT size
-contractility -duration of contraction -preload(end diastolic volume) afterload |
|
Co= __x_____
|
CO= SVxHR
|
|
CO means
|
cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by HRT per minute ML blood/min
|
|
SV means
|
stroke volume of blood pumped out of HRT with each beat
|
|
The most commonly blocked artery
|
left coronary artery
|
|
AI happens during diastoloe or systole
|
diastole
|
|
valves with leaflets
|
MV and TV
|
|
Valves with cusps
|
PV and AOV--- the semilunar valves
|
|
Congenital abnormality of TV where there is apical displacement of septal leaflet and tethering of the lateral leaflet to the ventical wall
|
Ebstein anomaly
|
|
SV=EDV- ESV
what dows EDV and ESV stand for |
end diastolic volume (EDV)
end systolic volume ( ESV) |
|
Factors that effect strok volume
|
HRT size
contractility duration of contration preload (EDV) afterload |
|
what is CO
|
cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by HRT per minute ML blood/min
|
|
what is SV
|
stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped out of HRT with each beat
|
|
In the ECG cycle lake ventricular filling occurs after the
|
the P wave on the ECG
|
|
on m-mode the A wave coincides with what
|
atrial kick and late diastolic filling
|
|
If patient presents with early diastolic murmur you would concentrate interest on the
|
AV and PV
|
|
Early diastolic murmurs are due to what
|
Aortic and pulmonic insufficiency-- severity of regurgitation is often inversely related to duration of the murmer
|
|
OHM's law
|
Co=AP/TPR
TPR= total peripheral resistance |
|
when TPR increases what happens to CO
|
CO decreases
|
|
less peripheral resistance does what to CO
|
increases with less resistance
|
|
In laminar flow blood velocity is what at vessel wall
|
zero at vessel wall and highest at center of stream
|
|
Starling's law states
|
increase venous return and increase SV
|