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393 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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(AO) abolishing operation |
a MO that decreases reinforcing effectiveness of stimulus, object, or event. |
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(CMO-R) reflexive CMO
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stimulus that acquires reinforcing value by systematically preceding some form of worsening/improvement: warning |
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(CMO-S) surrogate CMO
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acquires its effect as MO by being reliably paired with occurrence of another UMO or CMO * has same value-altering and bx altering effect |
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(CMO-T) transitive CMO
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stimulus that acquires its reinforcing value by being paired with an item or event that is needed to access another CMO or UMO |
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(CMO) conditioned motivating operation |
acquires value as result of conditioning history; make some events reinforcing to some people and others, via stimulus pairing with UMO's or other CMO's |
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(CR) conditioned response |
learned response elicited by presentation of conditioned response |
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(CRF) continuous reinforcement |
reinforcer follows each response |
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(CS) conditioned stimulus
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has acquired eliciting properties through previous pairing with another stimulus |
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(DRI) differential reinforcement of incompatible bx
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reinforcement is contingent on bx that is incompatible with target bx |
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(DRL) differential reinforcement of low rate
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RF for each response following preceding response by at least some minimum delay |
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(FBA) functional behavior assessment
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results used to guide intervention to increase or decrease bx |
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(FCT) functional communication training
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antecedent intervention teaches communication as a replacement bx |
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(IOA) mean count-per- interval |
avg % agreement in smaller counting times; more conservative that total count |
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(IOA) exact count per interval
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% of total intervals 2 observers record same count; most stringent |
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(IOA) interobserver agreement |
degree that 2+ observers report same values for same events |
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(IOA) interval-by-interval
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compare 2 observers recording of occurrence or non-occurrence: # intervals of agreement divided by total # of intervals x 100 |
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(IOA) mean duration-per-occurrence |
avg % agreement of durations for each target behavior |
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(IOA) scored-interval
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based on only the intervals in which either observer recorded occurrence of bx; recommended as measure for low rates of bx |
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(IOA) total count |
simplest indicator; compares total count observed by each; divide smaller amount of 2 observers by larger amount x100 |
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(IOA) total duration
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divide shorter of 2 durations by longer x100 |
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(IOA) trial-by-trial
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based on comparing counts on trial by trial basis; more conservative than total count |
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(IOA) unscored-interval |
agreement based on only the intervals in which EITHER observer recorded nonoccurrence of bx; divde # of intervals in which 2 agreed bx did not occur by # in which either or both recorded nonoccurrence x100 |
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(IRT) interresponse time
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elapsed time between two successive responses |
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(MO) motivating operation
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presence of a stimulus is a particular environmental change; more or less valuable |
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(NCR) noncontingent reinforcement
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stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on FT or VT schedule INDEPENDENT of behavior |
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(NCR) noncontingent reinforcement
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uses NCR as a control instead of nonreinforcement BL condition; distinguishes effects of contingent RF vs NCR |
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(SdP) discriminative stimulus for punishment
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stimulus condition in presence of which a response has lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as result of response-contingent punishment delivery in presence of the stimulus |
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(UMO) unconditioned motivating operation
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does not require any learning history to establish reinforcing VALUE |
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(UR) unconditioned response
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unlearned response elicited by presentation of an unconditioned stimulus |
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(US) unconditioned stimulus
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stimulus that produces unconditioned response without previous pairing with another stimulus |
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(verbal behavior) multiple control
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convergent and divergent |
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ABA
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science in which tactics derived from principles of bx are applied to improve socially significant bx and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for improvement in bx |
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abative effect
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a decrease in the current fq of a bx that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in RF effectiveness by the same MO |
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adjunctive bx
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bx that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic RF for other bx |
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affirmation of the consequent
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3-step form of reasoning that begins with A-B-C...If A is true, then B is true ...B is found to be true...therefore A is true |
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alternating tx design
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only one of a specified # of conditions in a given session |
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alternative schedule
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provides RF whenever the requirement of either ratio or interval schedule is met; regardless of which is met first |
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analogue
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experimental analysis of fx of bx under contrived test conditions (attention, demand, alone, play/control) |
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anecdotal observation
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a form of direct, continuous observation; records descriptive, temporally sequenced account of bxs of interest |
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antecedent
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stimulus immediately precedes behavior
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antecedent condition
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contains 2 variables- MO + Sd
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antecedent intervention
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bx change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent MOs |
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antecedent stimulus class
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set of stimuli that share a common relationship; all in class evoke the same operant bx, or elicit the same respondent bx |
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artifact
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outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it was measured but does not correspond to what actually occurred |
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autoclitic
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secondary verbal operant in which some aspect of speaker's own verbal bx functions as Sd or an MO for additional speaker verbal bx. (verbal bx about verbal bx) |
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automatic punishment
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punishment occurs independent of social mediation by others |
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automatic reinforcement
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RF occurs independent of the social mediation of others |
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aversive
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a positive punisher presented following bx or negative reinforcer when removed following a bx |
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aversive stimulus
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an unpleasant or noxious stimulus |
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avoidance
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bx whose function allows indiv to avoid undesired setting or task |
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avoidance contingency
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response- contingent prevention of an aversive condition resulting in an increased fq of that response |
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B-A-B design
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3-phase experimental design that begins with tx condition, followed by withdrawal and reintroduction |
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backup reinforcer
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consequence that has been demonstrated to reinforce individual's bx |
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backward chaining
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TA that attempts to teach task starting with final link in bx chain |
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bar graph
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(histogram) simple and versatile graphic format for summarizing bx data; no distinct data points through time |
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baseline
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observation phase to gather/measure info without intervention |
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baseline logic
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entails prediction, verification replication |
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behavior
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activity of living organisms; portion of an organism's interaction with its enviro that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organsim and results in measurable change in at least one aspect of the enviro |
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behavior trap
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interrelated contingencies of RF that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting bx changes |
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behavioral contrast
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phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that componenent is accompanied by change in response rate in the opposite direction on the other unaltered component schedule |
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behavioral cusp
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bx that has consequences that extend beyond change itself; exposes person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls |
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behavioral momentum
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describes rate of responding and resistance to change following alteration in reinforcement conditions |
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believability
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convinces that data is trustworthy |
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bonus response cost
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provides reservoir of RF's that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on target bx |
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bx chain with limited hold
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specifies a time interval by which a bx chain must be completed to result in RF |
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calibration
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procedure to evaluate accuracy of measurement system |
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celeration
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change (increase or decrease) in rate of responding over time
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chained schedule
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a schedule of RF in which response requirements of 2+ basic schedules must be met in a specific sequence for RF to be delivered |
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changing criterion design
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an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of tx phases of successively and gradually changing criteria for RF or punishment; exper control: evidence = extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion |
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classical conditioning
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respondent; previously neutral stimulus paired to become response-eliciting |
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component analysis
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experiment designed to identify the active elements of a tx condition, the contributions of variablesin a tx pkg, and/or necessary components of an intervention |
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compound schedule
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consists of 2+ elements of continuous RF (CRF), the 4 intermittent schedules of RF (FR,VR, FI, VI), diff RF of various rates of responding, and extinction; may be successive or simultaneous, with/without Sd |
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concept formation
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complex example of stimulus control requires stimulus generalization within a class and discrimination between classes |
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concurrent contingencies
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more than one contingency of reinforcement or punishment available at same time. |
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concurrent schedule
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schedule of Rf in which 2+ contingencies of RF operate independently AND simultaneously for 2+ behaviors |
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conditional stimulus
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elements of stimulus have value only when combined with established reinforcing stimulus |
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confound variables
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to change 2+ independent variables at the same time - you cannot determine variables responsible for change in the DV |
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consequence
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stimulus change follows a bx
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contingency
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temporal relationship between bx and consequence
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contingency contract
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mututally agreed upon document between parties that specifies a relationship between the completion of specific bx and access to spec. RF |
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contingency control
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direct control of bx by contingency without involvement of rules |
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contingency reversal
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exchanging RF contingencies for 2 topographically different responses |
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contingent observation
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procedure for implementing time-out in which person is repositioned in existing setting; access to RF is lost |
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continuous measurement
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all instances of response class(es) are detected |
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contrived contingency
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schedule of RF designed and implemented by a behaviorist to achieve acquisition, maintenance, and or generalization of targeted bx change |
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contrived mediating stimulus
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any stimulus made functional for the target bx in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in generalizaed setting |
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count
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simple tally of number of occurrences of bx |
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cumulative record
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type of graph on which cumulative # of response emitted is represented on the vertical axis |
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data
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result of measurement of some dimension of bx, usually in quantifiable form |
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data path
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the level and trend of bx between succesive data points |
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delayed multiple baseline design
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variation of MBL in which initial BL, and perhaps intervention, are begun for one bx and (or setting/subject) and subsequent BLs for additional bxs are begun in staggered fashion |
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dependent group contingency
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RF for all members of a group is dependent on the bx of one member, or group of members, of the larger group |
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dependent variable
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measure of subject's bx |
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dependent variable
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the variable that is measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulation of independent variable |
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deprivation
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state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular RF |
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deprivation
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witholding a reinforcer; increases relevant learning and performance |
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descriptive FBA
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direct observation of problem bx and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions |
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determinism
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the universe is a lawful place in which phenomenaoccur in relation to other events |
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direct measurement
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bx that is measured is the same as the bx that is the focus of investigation |
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direct replication
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an experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment |
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discontinuous measurement
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measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class may not be detected |
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discrete trial
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any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response |
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discriminated avoidance
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a contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a RF |
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discriminated operant
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an operant that occurs more frequently under some antecendent conditions than others |
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double-blind control
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procedure that prevents the subject and observers from detecting the presence/absence of tx variable; eliminates confounding variables |
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DRA
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differential reinforcement of alternative bx with SPECIFIC appropriate response to to produce the same RF outcome |
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dual function chained stimuli
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stimulus in a bx chain that reinforces the response that precedes it and is Sd for following response |
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duration
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measure of the total extent of time in which a bx occurs; from beginnning to end of a response |
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echoic
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elementary verbal operant involving response that evoked by a verbal Sd that has point to point correspondence and formal similarity with the response |
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ecological assessment
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assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behavior; method to obtain data across multiple settings and persons |
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empiricism
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objective observation of phenomenon of interest |
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environment
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conglomerate of real circumstances in which organsim exists |
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escape contingency
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response contingent removal of aversive stimulus; results in increased frequency of that response |
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escape contingency
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response terminates (produces escape from) and ongoing stimulus |
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escape extinction
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bx maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on escape extinction when those bxs are not followed by termination of the aversive; escape is not allowed |
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establishing operation
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MO that increases effectiveness of reinforcer |
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event recording
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tally or count of bx |
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evocative effect
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(of MO) increase in fq of bx that has been reinforced by stimulus |
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evoke
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increase likelihood of response/ "occasion" |
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exclusion time-out
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person physically removed |
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experimental analysis of behavior (EAB)
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founded by BF Skinner; within-subject design vs. group |
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experimental control
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1. outcome of experiment demonstrates functional relation. 2. researcher maintains tight control of independent variable |
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experimental design
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meaningful comparisons of independent variable can be made |
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explanatory fiction
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hypotheitical variable; another name for the observed phenmomenon |
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extinction
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discontinuing reinforcement of previously reinforced bx |
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extraneous variable
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an aspect of setting must be held constant |
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fading
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transfer of stimulus control to new stimulus |
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feature stimulus class
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stimuli share common physical form/structure |
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features of behavior trap
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= baited with virutally irresistable RF to lure; low-effort needed and bx in repertoire, interrelated contingencies motivate continued target bx, remain effective for a long time due to few if any satiation effect |
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fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement
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reinforcer is contingent on first response, after a fixed interval of time, since last opportunity for reinforcement |
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fixed interval DRO
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RF available at end of interval absent problem bx |
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fixed interval scallop
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FI schedule often produces a gradual increase in rate of responding with responding occurring at high rate just before RF is available; no responding immediately after RF. |
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fixed momentary DRO
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RF available at specific moments absent problem bx |
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fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement
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reinforcer follows fixed number of responses
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fixed-ratio responding
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after response is reinforced, no responding occurs for a period of time, then responding occurs at a high, steady rate until next reinforcer is delivered |
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formal similarity
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controlling antecedent and response share same mode |
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forward chain
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first link in a bx chain, with the addition of successive links until the final link is acquired |
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free operant
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bx can be emitted any time; discrete |
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function-based definition
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members of response class based on common effect on environment |
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function-based diagnostic classification system
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DIRECT ACCESS (DA), SOCIALLY MEDIATED ACCESS (SMA), DIRECT ESCAPE (DE), SOCIALLY MEDIATED ESCAPE (SME) |
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functional analysis
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antecedents and consequences are manipulated experimentally |
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functional relation
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bx change in DV is result of manipulation of IV |
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functionally equivalent
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serves same function |
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generalization across subjects
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changes in bx of people not directly treated |
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generalization setting
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setting that differs from instructional |
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generalized behavior change
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change that has not been taught: 3 types = response maintenance, stimulus generalzation, response generalization |
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generalized conditioned punisher
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a stimulus change that has been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers |
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generalized conditioned punisher
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has been paired with other punishers
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generalized conditioned reinforcer
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has been paired with other reinforcers |
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generalized learned reinforcer
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established b/c has been paired with variety of other reinforcers |
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generalzation probe
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measure of a learner's performance in setting other than treatment |
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generic tact extension
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tact evoked by novel stimulus; shares all of the relevant features associated with original stim. |
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group contingency
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reinforcement for all members dependent on bx of one person |
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group research design |
at least 2 groups of subjects; data presented as average of group |
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habilitation
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repertoire changed so that long-term RF maximized and punishers minimized |
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habituation
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decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentation of a stimulus |
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hero procedure
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= dependent group contingency |
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high-p request sequence
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AKA interspersed requests, pre-task requests, behavioral momentum |
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higher order conditioning
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conditioned reflex pairing neutral stim with conditioned; = secondary conditioning |
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history of reinforcement
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a person's learning experiences/ conditioning |
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hypothetical construct
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presumed, but unobserved process |
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imitation
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bx controlled by model with formal similarity |
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impure tact
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verbal operant evoked by both MO and nonverbal stimulus (part mand, part tact) |
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in-situ hypothesis testing
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1. is conducted in setting of interest 2. a fx tx based on entertained hypothesis is alternated with a baseline condition |
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incidental teaching
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planned use of bx contingencies, differential reinforcement, and discrimination training in everyday environment |
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independent group contingency
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RF for each member dependent on meeting performance criterion for all |
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independent variable
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variable systematically manipulated to influence the dependent variable |
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indirect functional assessment
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structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, questionnaires |
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indirect measurement
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bx measured is somehow different from bx of interest (inferences) |
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indirect-acting contingency
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controls response through outcome of that response; does not reinforce or punish response |
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indiscriminable contingency
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difficult for learner to determine whether next response will produce reinforcement |
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informed consent
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explicit permission given prior to assessment or tx |
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interdependent group contingency
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RF for all member is dependent on each member meeting criterion |
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intermittent reinforcement
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reinforcer follows response only once in a while |
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intermittent schedule of RF
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some but not all occurrences of bx produce RF |
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internal validity
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experiment shows changes in bx are function of independent variable |
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interval DRL
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DRL in which total session divided into equal intervals; RF given at end of interval if # reaches criterion |
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intraverbal
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evoked by verbal Sd; does not have point to point correspondence |
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irreversibility
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cannot reproduce previous phase level of responding |
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lag reinforcement schedule
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RF is contingent on response being different in some way from previous |
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latency
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time between Sd and beginning of response |
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level
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value of vertical axis where data converge |
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limited hold
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reinforcement available only during a finite time following FI or VI interval |
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listener
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provides RF for verbal bx |
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local response rate
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avg rate of response during smaller period of time within larger |
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magnitude
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force or intensity with which response is emitted |
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maintenance
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extent to which learner continues to perform bx after intervention |
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mand
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(request) evoked by MO and followed by specific RF |
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massed practice
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person forces self to perform undesired bx to decrease future frequency |
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matching law
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phenomenon : organisms match/distribute response according to proportion of payoff during choice situations |
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matching to sample
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selecting comparison stimulus corresponding to sample stimulus |
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Multiple Baseline across bx |
treatment variable applied to 2+ bx in the same subject |
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Multiple Baseline across settings |
treatment variable applied to same bx, same subject in 2+ settings, situations, time periods |
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Multiple Baseline across subjects |
treatment variable applied to same bx of 2+ subjects |
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measurement bias |
nonrandom measurment error
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mentalism |
explains bx assuming an inner dimension exists to influence bx |
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metaphorical extension |
tact evoked by novel stimulus; shares all relevant features associated with original stim. |
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methodological behaviorism |
position views bx events that cannot be publicly observed, outside the realm of science |
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metonymical tact extension |
evoked by novel stimulus; shares NONE of relevant features with original; some irrelevant feature has aquired stimulus control |
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mixed schedule
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a compound schedule of RF; 2+ basic schedules occurring in alternating sequence |
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momentary time sampling
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measurement method; presence or absence of bx recorded at specified time |
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motivating operation |
An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) current frequency of all behavior that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event. |
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multielement design |
= alternating tx design |
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multiple baseline design
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replications of differing durations and interventions of differing start times; begins with concurrent BL |
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multiple exemplar training
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instruction includes a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, topographies; promotes generalization |
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multiple probe design
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variation of MBL; intermittent measures during BL; used to evaluate effects of instruction on skill sequences |
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multiple schedule
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compound schedule of RF 2+ basic sched. of RF occur in alternating, random sequence |
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multiple treatment interference
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effects of one treatment on bx being confounded by influence of another treatment in same study |
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multiple treatment reversal
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any design that uses reversal: 2+ conditions with BL and or one another |
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naive observer
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observer who is unaware of study's purpose or experimental conditions |
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naturally existing contigency
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contingency operates independently of analyst's efforts; contrast with contrived |
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negative punishment (Type 2 punishment)
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termination of already present stimulus, or decrease in intensity, immediately following a bx - results in decrease in future fq of bx |
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negative reinforcement
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effect of the bx is to terminate existence of, or postpone presentation of an aversive event |
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negative reinforcer
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increases future frequency of response; removal follows response |
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neutral stimulus
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stimulus change that does not elicit respondent bx |
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nonexclusion timeout
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person remains in setting but does not have access to RF |
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normalization
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belief that person with disabilites should be physically and socially integrated |
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observed value
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measure produced by observation and measurement |
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observer drift
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unintended change in use of instrument; results in error; shift in interpretation of original target bx definition |
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observer reactivity
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influence on data resulting from observer awareness that others are evaluating reported data |
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ontogeny
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individual learning history |
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operant behavior
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behavior is selected, maintained, under stimulus control as function of consequences |
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operant conditioning
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reinforcing consequences following response increase future frequency and aversive consequences following response decrease future frequency |
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operant level
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frequency of responding before reinforcement |
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overall response rate
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rate of response over given time
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overcorrection
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bx change tactic based on positive punishment; requires engaging in effortful response; more than corrects effects of inappropriate bx |
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pairing procedure
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pairing of neutral stimulus with reinforcer or aversive stimulus |
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parametric analysis
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exp. design to discover differential effects of range of values of independent variable |
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parsimony
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ruling out simple, logical explanations before considering more complex, abstract |
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partial interval recording
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time sampling; divided into brief intervals; DID THE BX OCCUR during interval? |
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partition timeout
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exclusion where person remains in setting, but view restricted |
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performance discrepancy analysis
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allows you to determine objectively the behavioral standard for acceptability; asks how does the individual's bx compare in relation to standard |
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permanent product
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measures bx after it occurs based on effect in environment |
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philosophic doubt
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trruthfulness and validity of all scientific theory should be questioned |
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phylogeny
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history if natural evolution of species |
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pivotal behavior
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when learned produces corresponding modifications in other untrained bxs |
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placebo control
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prevents subject from detecting presence or absence of tx variable |
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planned activity check (PLACHECK)
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variation of momentary time sampling; observer records whether each person in group is engaged in target bx; measures group behavior |
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planned ignoring
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timeout where social reinforcers are briefly withheld contingent on target bx |
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point-to-point correspondence
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relation between stimulus and response (e.g., echoic, copying text, imitation, etc.) |
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positive punishment (Type 1 punishment)
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presentation or increase in intensity, of stimulus immediately following a bx that results in decrease in future fq of bx |
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positive reinforcement
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level of bx is increased; contingency is one of bx produciing an environmental event |
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post- reinforcement pause
|
absence of responding for a period of time following RF (FI and FR schedules) |
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postive practice overcorrection
|
form of overcorrection; requires repeated correct form of bx or incompatible bx; includes educative component |
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practice effects
|
improvements resulting from repeated opportunity to obtain BL |
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prediction
|
anticipated outcome of presently unknown or future measurement |
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Premack principle
|
making opportunity to engage in high P bx contingent on occurrence of low P bx; functions as reinforcement for low fq bx |
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Premack principle
|
opportunity to do preferred activity will reinforce less preferred activity |
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principle of behavior
|
functional relation between behavior and 1+ of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviors, and time |
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procedural integrity
|
= treatment integrity; extent that independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described |
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programming common stimuli
|
makes instructional setting similar to generalization setting |
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progressive schedule of reinforcement |
systematically thins each successive RF opportunity independent of subject bx
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prompt |
a supplemental stimulus that raises the probability of a correct response |
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punisher
|
stimulus change that decreases future fq of bx that immediately precedes it |
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punishment contingency
|
presentation of an aversive condition resulting in the decrease of frequency of response
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radical behaviorism
|
attempts to understand all human bx including private events (thoughts and feelings) in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person |
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rate
|
ratio of count per observation time |
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ratio strain
|
bx effect associated with abrupt increase in requirements moving from dense to thin; (e.g. avoidance, aggression, unpredictable pauses or response cessation) |
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reactivity
|
effect of an observation procedure
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recovery from punishment
|
may cause increase in response frequency to previous, unpunished levels |
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recovery from punishment procedure
|
previously punished bx without consequence - analogous to extinction of previously reinforced bx; may undo effect of punishment |
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reflex
|
stimulus- response relation; antecedent stimulus and respondent bx it elicits |
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reflexivity |
stimulus-to-stimulus relation; without prior training/RF, learner selects comparison stimulus same as sample |
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reinforcer
|
stimulus increases frequency of response it follows |
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reinforcer abolishing effect
|
(of MO) decrease in reinforcing effectiveness of stimulus |
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reinforcer assessment
|
present on or more stimuli contingent on a target response; measuring reinforcing effect |
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reinforcer establsihing effect |
(of MO) increase reinforcing effectiveness of stimulus |
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relevance of behavior rule
|
only bxs likely to produce reinforcement in person's natural environment, should be targeted |
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reliability
|
consistency of measurement; repeated measurement of same event yields same values |
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reliability measurment
|
comparison of measurement of dependent and indep. variables obtained by independent observer |
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repeatability
|
one of three dimensional qualities of bx measurement; behavior can occur repeatedly through time |
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repertoire
|
all behaviors that a person can do or set of behaviors relevant to setting or task |
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replication
|
repeating conditions within an experiment to determine reliability and increase internal validity |
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resistance to extinction
|
# of responses or amount of time before a response extinguishes |
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respondent behavior
|
response component of a reflex; elicited or induced by antecedent stimuli |
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respondent conditioning
|
neutral stimulus acquires eliciting properties of unconditioned stimulus through pairing the US with neutral stimulus |
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respondent conditioning
|
stimulud-stimulus pairing; NS presented with US (i.e., PAVLOV) |
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respondent extinction
|
repeated presentation of CS in absence of US; CS loses ability to elicit response |
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response
|
single instance or occurence of a specific class or type of behavior |
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response blocking
|
physically intervene as soon as problem behavior begins |
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response class
|
a set of responses either similar in at least one dimension OR share effects of reinforcement or punishment OR serve same function |
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response class
|
group of response varying in topograghy; produce same effect on environment |
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response cost
|
response contingent removal of tangible reinforcement |
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response differentiation
|
behavior change produced by differential RF |
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response dimensions
|
physical properties of a response |
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response generalization
|
extent to which learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to trained response |
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response latency
|
measure of temporal locus; Sd-->response |
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response maintenance
|
learner continues to perform target behavior after intervention terminated |
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response topography
|
the sequence, form, or location of components of a response |
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response-deprivation hypothesis |
predicting whether contingent access to one behavior will function as RF for engaging in another (e.g., Premack) |
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restitutional overcorrection
|
learner required to repair damage to original state AND make better |
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reversal design
|
reverse between intervention and baseline conditions |
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reversal design
|
verifies the effect of IV by "reversing" responding to level of previous condition; IV is withdrawn |
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|
reverse Premack principle
|
making the occurrence of the target behavior serve as a mand for a non-preferred regimen of tasks; can also be an adjunct complimentary extinction |
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rule
|
description of a behavior contingency |
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|
rule-governed analog to a bx contingency
|
change in fq of response because of rule describing the contingency |
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rule-governed behavior
|
behavior controlled by a rule; under indirect control of temporally remote but significant consequence |
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rule-governed bx
|
behavior under the control of a rule |
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S-delta
|
stimulus, when present, a particular response WILL NOT be reinforced or punished |
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satiation
|
temporarily decrease relevant learning and performance due to substantial consumption |
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satiation
|
decrease in fq of operant behavior as result of continued contact with RF that has followed behavior |
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|
scatterplot
|
2 dimensional graph that shows relative distribution of individual measures; data points not connected |
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|
schedule of reinforcement
|
describes how RF occurs; number of responses, time between responses, and stimulus conditions |
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schedule thinning
|
change in consistency of RF by gradual increase in response ratio or time interval; lower rate of reinforcement |
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Sd - discriminative stimulus |
stimulus when present a particular response WILL BE reinforced or punished; available |
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|
selection by consequences
|
all forms of operant behavior selected, shaped, maintained by consequences |
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self-contract
|
contingency that person makes with self; self-delivery of reward |
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|
self-control
|
abilty to delay gratification OR person behaving in a certain way to change subsequent behavior |
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|
self-evaluation
|
compares performance with goal
|
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|
self-instruction
|
self-generated verbal responses that function as response prompt for desired behavior |
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|
self-monitoring
|
person systematically observes his behavior and records |
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|
semilogarithmic chart
|
scaled y axis; equal distance on vertical axis represent change in behavior that are of equal proportion |
|
|
sensory extinction
|
behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction; mask or remove sensory consequence |
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|
setting/situation generalization
|
learner emits target behavior in setting/situaion different from instructional |
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shaping
|
differential reinforcement of only behavior that more closely resembles the terminal behavior |
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|
shaping
|
differential RF to produce a series of changing response classes; successive approximation toward terminal behavior |
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|
single-subject design
|
entire experiment is conducted with a single subject |
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|
social validity
|
extent to which target behavior are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, important changes in target and collateral behaviors are produced |
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|
solistic tact extension
|
evoked by stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper tact relation |
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|
spaced responding DRL
|
RF follows each occurrence of target behavior separated from previous by minimum interresponse time |
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|
split middle line of progress
|
line drawn through series of data points; shows overall trend in data |
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|
spontaneous recovery
|
behavior effect associated with extinction; behavior begins to occur after decrease, to previous level |
|
|
spontaneous recovery
|
temporary recovery of extinguished behavior during first part of the extinction sessions |
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|
stable baseline
|
no trend; all data fall in relatively small range of values |
|
|
Standard Celeration Chart
|
semilogarithmic chart; shows proportional or relative changes in behavior |
|
|
steady state responding
|
pattern that exhibits relatively liittle variation in its measured dimensional quantities of time |
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|
steady state strategy
|
repeatedly exposing a subject to given condition to eliminate extraneous influences |
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|
stimulus
|
an energy change that affects and organism |
|
|
stimulus class
|
group of stimuli that share specified common elements in form, temporal, &/or functional dimensions |
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|
stimulus class
|
set of stimuli, with some common physical property |
|
|
stimulus control
|
frequency, latency, duration, amplitude of behavior is altered by presence or absence of antecedent stimulus |
|
|
stimulus control
|
when response occurs more frequently in presence of one stimulus than another |
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|
stimulus delta
|
stimulus when present, given behavior has not previously produced reinforcement |
|
|
stimulus discrimination training
|
responses are reinforced in presence of Sd, but not in presence of S-delta |
|
|
stimulus equivalence
|
emergence of accurate responding to unreinforced stimulus-stimulus relations |
|
|
stimulus generalization
|
antecedent stimulus evokes same type of behavior by stimuli that share similar properties with controlling stimulus |
|
|
stimulus generalization
|
behavior contingencies in presence of one stimulus affect the frequency of response in presence of another stimulus |
|
|
stimulus-stimulus pairing
|
2 stimuli are presented at same time, often resulting in one stimulus acquiring function of the other |
|
|
symmetry
|
type of stim-stim relationship; learner demonstrates reversability |
|
|
systematic desensitization
|
combining relaxation with a hierarchy of fear-producing stimuli arranged from least to most frightening |
|
|
systematic replication
|
vary one or more aspects of earlier experiment
|
|
|
tact
|
verbal operant evoked by nonverbal Sd and followed by generalized RF |
|
|
tandem schedule
|
schedule of RF that does not use SD with elements of a chain; see mixed schedule |
|
|
target behavior
|
response class selected for intervention; can be defined functionally or topographically |
|
|
task analysis
|
analysis of a complex bx; sequences of behavior into component responses |
|
|
task analysis
|
breaking a complex skill into smaller units |
|
|
teaching loosely
|
randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions |
|
|
teaching sufficient examples
|
strategy for promoting generalized behavior change; learner taught to respond to a subset of all relevant stimulus and response examples |
|
|
temporal extent |
DURATION-amount of time-fundamental measure of behavior |
|
|
temporal locus
|
behavior occurs in relation to other events of interest |
|
|
terminal behavior
|
end product of shaping |
|
|
textual
|
reponse evoked by verbal Sd with point to point correspondence but not formal similarity |
|
|
theory of generalized reinforcement
|
generalized imitative responses occur because they automatically produce imitative reinforcers |
|
|
time sampling
|
measurement of presence or absence of behavior within specific time intervals |
|
|
timeout from positive reinforcement
|
withdrawal of opportunity to earn positive RF or loss of access |
|
|
token
|
object given contingent on appropriate bx serves as medium of exchange for backup reinforcers |
|
|
token economy
|
system of generalized learned reinforcers in which one can save reinforcers and exchange for back-up reinforcers |
|
|
topography
|
physical form or shape of a behavior |
|
|
topography-based definition
|
defines target response by shape or form of behavior |
|
|
total-task presentation
|
simultaneous training of all links in a behavior chain |
|
|
transcription
|
verbal operant; spoken stimulus evokes written, etc. |
|
|
transitivity
|
a derived stimulus-stimulus relation; emerges as a product of 2 other (A=B, B=C, then C=A) |
|
|
treatment drift |
independent variable is applied differently in later stages than at outset of study |
|
|
trend
|
overall direction of data path
|
|
|
trials to criterion
|
event recording that measures # of responses or opportunities needed for a person to achieve pre-established level of accuracy |
|
|
trigger analysis
|
method of collecting baseline data; presents the antecedent condition that you suspect triggers the problem behavior |
|
|
true value
|
measure accepted as quantitative description of some dimensional quantity or event as it exists in nature |
|
|
Type 1 error
|
researcher concludes that IV had effect on DV, when no relation exists; false positive |
|
|
Type 1 error
|
researcher concludes that IV had NO effect on DV, when there IS a relationship; false negative |
|
|
unconditioned MO
|
MO whose value altering effect does not depend on learning history |
|
|
unconditioned negative reinforcer
|
e.g., shock, loud noise, intense light, extreme temp, pain
|
|
|
unconditioned punisher
|
stimulus change that decreases fq of any behavior that immediately precedes irrespective of learning history |
|
|
unconditioned reflex
|
unlearned stimulus-stimulus functional relation (e.g., food in mouth elicits salivation) |
|
|
unconditioned reinforcer
|
stimulus change that increases fq of any behavior that immediately precedes irrespective of learning history |
|
|
unpairing
|
2 kinds: undo result of pairing |
|
|
validity
|
extent to which data obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behavior and to the reason for measuring it |
|
|
value altering effect
|
alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, event |
|
|
value-altering principle
|
pairing procedure converts neutral stimulus into learned reinforcer or aversive stimulus |
|
|
variability
|
fq and extent to which multiple measures yield different outcomes |
|
|
variable baseline
|
data points do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values; no clear trend |
|
|
variable interval |
schedule of RF that provided RF for the first correct response following elapse of variable durations of time |
|
|
variable interval DRO
|
VI schedule; contingent on absence of problem bx |
|
|
variable interval responding
|
schedule produces moderate rate of responding; almost no post-reinforcement pause |
|
|
variable interval schedule
|
reinforcement is contingent on first response after a variable interval of time since last opportunity for RF |
|
|
variable momentary DRO
|
RF available at specific moments of time absent problem behavior |
|
|
variable ratio responding |
VR schedules produce a high rate of responding with almost no post reinforcement pausing |
|
|
variable ratio schedule
|
reinforcer follows a variable number of required responses |
|
|
verbal behavior
|
behavior whose RF is mediated by a listener; includes both vocal-verbal repertoire |
|
|
verification
|
accomplisehd by demonstrating that prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged without IV |
|
|
visual analysis |
systematic approach for interpreting results of experiment; graphic |
|
|
warning stimulus
|
a stimulus that precedes an aversive condition and becomes a learned aversive stimulus |
|
|
whole-interval recording
|
observational period divided into brief intervals; records whether target behavior occurred throughout entire/WHOLE interval |
|
|
withdrawal design
|
ABAB design or used to describe tx that is sequentially or or partially withdrawn to promote maintenance |
