Bcba Exam Prep - Aba Terms

Front 1

A-B-A Design

Back 1

An experiment entailing one reversal

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A-B-A-B Design

Back 2

An experiment reintroducing the B condition enables the replication of treatment effects, which strengthens the demonstration of experimental control

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Abative Effect

Back 3

A decrease in the current frequency of behaviour that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

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ABC recording

Back 4

The preferred method to use for behavioural assessment to determine which behaviour to target for change is

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Abolishing operation

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A motivating operation that decreases the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event.

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Accuracy

Back 6

The extent to which observed values, the data produced by measuring an event, match the true state, or true values, of the event as it exists in nature

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Adjunctive Behavior

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Behaviour that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behaviour: time-filling or interim activities that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be derived-aka schedule-induced behaviour

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Affirmation of the Consequent

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The predictive power of steady state responding enables the behaviour analyst to employ a kind of inductive logic

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Alternating Treatments Design

Back 9

The rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behaviour are measured

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Alternative schedule

Back 10

Provides positive reinforcement whenever the requirement of either a ratio schedule or interval schedule is met, regardless of which of the component schedule's requirement is met first.

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Analytic

Back 11

There is a functional relationship between the independent and dependant variable. (Hint: Characteristics of ABA)

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Anecdotal observation

Back 12

A form of direct, continuous observation in which the observer records a descriptive, temporally sequenced account of all behaviour(s) of interest and the antecedent conditions and consequences for those behaviours as those events occur in the client's natural environment

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Antecedent

Back 13

An environmental condition or stimulus change existing or occurring prior to a behaviour of interest.

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Antecedent intervention

Back 14

A behaviour change strategy that manipulates contingency-independent antecedent stimuli (motivating operation).

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Antecedent stimulus class:

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A set of stimuli that share a common relationship. All stimuli in an _______________ evoke the same operant behaviour, or elicit the same respondent behaviour.

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Applied

Back 16

The behaviour targeted for change must be socially significant behaviour that will improve the person's life.

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Applied behaviour analysis (ABA)

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The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behaviour are applied to improve socially significant behaviour and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behaviour.

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Arbitrary stimulus class

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Antecedent stimuli that evoke the same response but do not resemble each other in physical form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under (e.g., peanuts, cheese, coconut milk, and chicken breasts are members of this if they evoke the response "source of protein"

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Artifact

Back 19

An outcome or result that appears to exist because of the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to what actually occurred

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Artifacts

Back 20

Measurement ______________are data that given unwarranted or misleading picture of the behaviour because of the way measurement was conducted.

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Ascending baseline

Back 21

A data path that shows and increasing trend in the response measure over time.

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Ascending Baseline

Back 22

Shows an increasing trend in the behaviour overtime

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Audience

Back 23

Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus evoking verbal behaviour.

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Autoclitic

Back 24

An SD or an MO for additional speaker verbal behaviour.

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Automatic Punishment

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Punishment that occurs independent of the social mediation by others (i.e., a response product serves as a punisher independent of the social environment).

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Automatic Reinforcement

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Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others

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Automatic Reinforcement

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Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching an insect bite relieves the itch).

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Automaticity of reinforcement

Back 28

Behaviour is modified by its consequences irrespective of the person's awareness. Person doesn't have to know that a consequence has occurred.

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Aversive stimulus:

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An unpleasant or noxious stimulus

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Avoidance contingency

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A response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus.

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Avoidance contingency

Back 31

Contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus- compare with escape contingency

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B-A-B design

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Begins with application of the independent variable: the treatment

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Backup reinforcer

Back 33

Tangible objects, activities, or privileges that serve as reinforcers and that can be purchased with tokens.

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Backward chaining

Back 34

A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behaviour in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who the receives reinforcement for completing the chain.

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Backward chaining with leaps ahead

Back 35

A backward chaining procedure in which some steps in the task analysis are skipped; used to increase the efficiency of teaching long behaviour chains when there is evidence that the skipped steps are in the learner's repertoire

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Bar Graph

Back 36

A histogram, is a simple and versatile format for graphically summarizing behavioural data

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Bar Graph

Back 37

The participant either engages in a behaviour or does not. Therefore your data collection is limited to yes or no

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Baseline

Back 38

A condition of an experiment in which the independent variable is not present; data obtained during baseline are the basis for determining the effects of the independent variable; a control condition that does not necessarily mean the absence of instruction or treatment, only the absence of a specific independent variable of experimental interest.

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Baseline

Back 39

Original date that serves against any observed changes in behaviour when the independent variable is applied and is compared

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Baseline Logic

Back 40

A term sometimes used to refer to the experimental reasoning inherent in single subject experimental designs; entails three elements: prediction, verification, and replication.

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Baseline Logic

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Entails three elements-prediction, verification, and replication

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Behaviour

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Changes that last over time appear in different settings, environments, and with different people. (Hint: Characteristics of ABA) Generality

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Behaviour

Back 43

The activity of living organisms, includes everything that people do.

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Behaviour

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The activity of living organisms; "that portion of an organism's interaction with its environment that is characterized by detectable displacement in space through time of some part of the organism and that results in a measurable change in at least one aspect of the environment"

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Behaviour Chain

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A sequence of responses in which each response produces a stimulus change that functions as conditioned reinforcement for that response and as a discriminative stimulus for the next response in the chain; reinforcement for the last response in a chain maintains the reinforcing effectiveness of the stimulus changes produced by all previous responses in the chain

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Behaviour Chain Interruption Strategy

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An intervention that relies on the participant's skill in performing the critical elements of a chain independently; the chain is interrupted occasionally so that another behaviour can be emitted

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Behaviour chain with a limited hold

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A contingency that specifies a time interval by which a behaviour chain must be completed for reinforcement to be delivered

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Behaviour change tactic

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A consistent method for changing behaviour derived from one or more principles of behaviour.

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Behaviour checklist

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A checklist that provides descriptions of specific skills and the conditions under which each skill should be observed

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Behaviour traps

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An interrelated community of contingencies of reinforcement that can be especially powerful, producing substantial and long-lasting behaviour changes.

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behaviour-altering effect

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An alteration in the current frequency of behaviour that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is altered in effectiveness by the same motivating operation.

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Behavioural

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The behaviour must be observable, measurable, and must be behaviour that will positively affect the person's life. We also must ask ourselves, who's behaviour is being changes. (hint: Characteristics of ABA)

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Behavioural Assessment

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A form of assessment that involves a full range of inquiry methods (observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variables) to identity probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables.

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Behavioural Contract

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Another term for contingency contract.

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Behavioural Contrast

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The phenomenon in which a change in one component of a multiple schedule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change in the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component of the schedule.

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Behavioural Cusp

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a behaviour that has sudden and dramatic consequences that extend well beyond the idiosyncratic change itself because it exposes the person to new environments, reinforcers, contingencies, responses, and stimulus controls

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Behavioural Momentum

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A metaphor to describe a rate of responding and its resistance to change following an alteration in reinforcement conditions.

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Behaviourism

Back 58

the philosophy of a science of behaviour; there are various forms of __________________.

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Believability

Back 59

The extent to which the researcher convinces herself and others that the data are trustworthy and deserve interpretation

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Bonus Response Cost

Back 60

A procedure for implementing response cost in which the person is provided a reservoir of reinforcers that are removed in predetermined amounts contingent on the occurrence of the target behaviour

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Calibration

Back 61

Any procedure used to evaluate the accuracy of a measurement system and, when sources of error are found, to use that information to correct or improve the measuring system

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Celeration

Back 62

the change (acceleration or deceleration) in rate of responding over time

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Celeration Time Period

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a unit of time (e.g., per week, per month) in which celeration is plotted on a Standard Celeration Chart

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celeration trend line

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this is measured as a factor by which rate multiplies or divides across the celeration time periods

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chaining

Back 65

various procedures for teaching behaviour ____________.

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Changed schedule of reinforcement

Back 66

schedule of reinforcement in which the response requirements of 2 or more basic schedules must be met in a specified sequence before reinforcement is delivered: discriminative stimulus is correlated with each component of the schedule

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Changing Criterion Design

Back 67

An experimental Design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or punishment. Experimental control is evidenced by the extent the level of responding changes to conform to each new criterion.

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Clicker Training

Back 68

a term popularized by Pryor (1999) for shaping behaviour using conditioned reinforcement in the form of an auditory stimulus.

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Cognitive Variables

Back 69

Can cognitive variables be identified as cause of a science? Why or why not?

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Component Analysis

Back 70

Experimental designs that combine multiple baseline, reversal, and/or alternating treatment tactics can also provide the basis for comparing the effects of two or more independent variables

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Compound schedule of reinforcement

Back 71

schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more elements of continuous reinforcement, the 4 intermittent schedules of reinforcement of various rates of responding, and extinction

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Concept Formation

Back 72

a complex example of stimulus control that requires stimulus generalization within a class of stimuli and discrimination between classes of stimuli

Front 73

Concurrent Schedule

Back 73

schedule of reinforcement in which 2 or more contingencies of reinforcement operates independently and simultaneously for 2 or more behaviours

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Concurrent Schedule (conc)

Back 74

a schedule of reinforcement in which two or more contingencies of reinforcement (elements) operate independently and simultaneously for two or more behaviours

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Conditional Probability

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the likelihood that a target behaviour will occur in a given circumstance

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Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO)

Back 76

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect depends on a learning history.

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Conditioned Negative Reinforcer

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previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with an existing (unconditioned or conditioned) negative reinforcer.

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Conditioned Negative Reinforcer

Back 78

previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a negative reinforcer b/c of prior pairing with one or more negative reinforcers- see negative reinforcer; compare with unconditioned negative reinforcer

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Conditioned Punisher

Back 79

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher

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Conditioned Punisher

Back 80

A previously neutral stimulus change that functions as a punisher because of prior pairing with one or more other punishers.

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Conditioned Punisher

Back 81

Sometimes called secondary or learned punishers.

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Conditioned Reflex

Back 82

A learned stimulus-response functional relation

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Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 83

stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer b/c of prior pairing with one or more other reinforcers - aka secondary or learned reinforcer

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Conditioned Stimulus

Back 84

Stimulus component of a conditioned reflex: a formerly neutral stimulus

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Confidentiality

Back 85

Describes a situation of trust insofar as any information regarding a person receiving or having received services may not be discussed with or otherwise made available to another person or group, unless that person has provided explicit authorization for release of such information.

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Conflict of Interest

Back 86

A situation in which a person in a position of responsibility or trust has competing professional or personal interests that make it difficult to fulfil his or her duties impartially.

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Confounding Variable

Back 87

A Student changing level of interest and background knowledge in algebra, during a study on the effects of response card quiz reviews on the next-day quiz performance is a potential_______________ _________________to the investigation and should be monitored.

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Confounding Variable

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An uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable.

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Confounding Variables

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Uncontrolled variables known or suspected to exert an influence one dependent variable

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Conjunctive Schedule

Back 90

reinforcement follows the completion of response requirements for both a ratio and interval schedule of reinforcement

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Consequence

Back 91

A stimulus change that follows a behaviour of interest.

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Contingency

Back 92

Refers to dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behaviour and its controlling variables.

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Contingency Contract

Back 93

A mutually agreed upon document between parties (e.g., parent and child) that specifies a contingent relationship between the completion of specified behaviour(s) and access to specified reinforcer(s).

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Contingency Reversal

Back 94

exchanging the reinforcement contingencies for two topographically different responses

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Contingent

Back 95

Describes reinforcement (or punishment) that is delivered only after the target behaviour has occurred.

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Contingent Attention, Contingent Escape, Alone, and Control

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the four conditions typically tested in a functional analysis

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Contingent Observation

Back 97

A procedure for implementing time-out in which the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of on-going activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost.

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Continuous Measurement

Back 98

Measurement conducted in a manner such that all instances of the response class(es) of interest are detected during the observation period

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Continuous Reinforcement

Back 99

schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for each occurrence of the target behaviour

Front 100

Contrived Contingency

Back 100

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) designed and implemented by a behaviour analyst or practitioner to achieve the acquisition, maintenance, and/or generalization of a targeted behaviour change.

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Contrived Mediating Stimulus

Back 101

Any stimulus made functional for the target behaviour in the instructional setting that later prompts or aids the learner in performing the target behaviour in a generalization setting.

Front 102

Convergent and Divergent

Back 102

The two types of multiple control.

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Convergent Multiple Control

Back 103

Occurs when a single verbal response is a function of more than one variable and what is said has more than one antecedent source of control.

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Copying A Text

Back 104

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a non-vocal verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the controlling response.

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Correlation

Back 105

can be used to predict the probability that one event will occur

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Count

Back 106

a simple tally of the number of occurrences of a behaviour

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Counting Time

Back 107

the period of time in which a count of the number of responses emitted was recorded.

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Cumulative Record

Back 108

(Or graph) was developed by Skinner as the primary means of data collection in the experimental analysis

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Cumulative Recorder

Back 109

a devise that automatically draws cumulative records that show the rate of response in real time

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Data

Back 110

the results of measurements, usually in quantified form

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Data Path

Back 111

represents the level and trend of behaviour between successive data points, and it is a primary focus of attention the interpretation and analysis of graphed data

Front 112

Define Determinism

Back 112

the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which all phenomenon occur as the result of other events.

Front 113

Delayed Multiple Baseline Design

Back 113

is an experimental tactic in which an initial baseline and intervention are begun, and subsequent baselines are added in a staggered or delayed fashion.

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dependent group contingency

Back 114

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behaviour of one member of the group or the behaviour of a select group of members within the larger group.

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Dependent Variable

Back 115

the points on a line graph that shows the level of some quantifiable dimension of the target behaviour

Front 116

Dependent Variable

Back 116

the target behaviour in applied behaviour analysis experiment, or more precisely a measurable dimensional quantity of that behaviour

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Dependent variable

Back 117

the variable in an experiment measured to determine if it changes as a result of manipulations of the independent variable; in applied behaviour analysis, it represents some measure of a socially significant behaviour.

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Deprivation

Back 118

The state of an organism with respect to how much time has elapsed since it has consumed or contacted a particular type of reinforcer: also refers to a procedure for increasing the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

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Descending baseline

Back 119

a data path that shows a decreasing trend in the response measure over time.

Front 120

Descending Baseline

Back 120

shows a decreasing trend in the behaviour overtime

Front 121

Descriptive Functional Behaviour Assessment

Back 121

direct observation of problem behaviour and the antecedent and consequent events under naturally occurring conditions

Front 122

Determinism

Back 122

the kind of information that should be gathered on the phenomena of interest

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Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour (DRA)

Back 123

a procedure for decreasing problem behaviour in which reinforcement is delivered for a behaviour that serves as a desirable alternative to the behaviour targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behaviour

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Differential reinforcement of diminishing rates

Back 124

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being fewer than a gradual decreasing criterion based on the individual's performance in previous intervals.

Front 125

Differential reinforcement of high rates

Back 125

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement is provided at the end of a predetermined interval contingent on the number of responses emitted during the interval being greater than a gradually increasing criterion based on the individual's performance in precious intervals.

Front 126

Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour (DRI)

Back 126

a procedure for decreasing problem behaviour in which reinforcement is delivered for a behaviour that is topographically incompatible with the behaviour targeted for reduction and withheld following instances of the problem behaviour

Front 127

Differential reinforcement of low rates

Back 127

schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcement a) follows each occurrence of the target behaviour that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time or b) is contingent on the number of responses within a period of time not exceeding a predetermined criterion

Front 128

Differential reinforcement of other behaviour (DRO)

Back 128

a procedure for decreasing problem behaviour in which reinforcement is contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour during or at specific times

Front 129

Direct measurement

Back 129

Occurs when the behaviour that is measured is the same as the behaviour that is the focus of the investigation

Front 130

Direct observation

Back 130

_____________ measurement facilitates data collection for IOA and treatment integrity

Front 131

Direct Replication

Back 131

An experiment in which the researcher attempts to duplicate exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 132

Discontinuous measurement

Back 132

measurement conducted in a manner such that some instances of the response class(es) of interest may not be detected

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Discrete trial

Back 133

any operant whose response rate is controlled by a given opportunity to emit the response

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Discriminated avoidance

Back 134

contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer- see also discriminative stimulus, discriminated operant, free operant avoidance, and stimulus control.

Front 135

Discriminated avoidance

Back 135

responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.

Front 136

Discriminated operant

Back 136

An operant that occurs more frequently under some antecedent conditions than under others.

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Discriminative stimulus

Back 137

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

Front 138

Discriminative stimulus for punishment

Back 138

a stimulus condition in the presence of which a response has a lower probability of occurrence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presence of the stimulus.

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Discriminative stimulus related to punishment

Back 139

A stimulus in the presence of which responses of some type have been reinforced and in the absence of which the same type of responses have occurred and not been reinforced.

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Divergent multiple control

Back 140

Occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more than one responses.

Front 141

Does not specify the behaviours required to achieve goal.

Back 141

Improving academic grades is not a good behaviour to target because?

Front 142

Double Blind Control

Back 142

an experimental technique in which biased expectations of experimenters are eliminated by keeping both participants and experimental assistants unaware of which participants have received which treatment

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DRI/DRA reversal technique

Back 143

occurrences of a specified behaviour that is either incompatible with the target behaviour or an alternative to the target behaviour are immediately followed by the same consequence previously delivered as contingent reinforcement for the target behaviour

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DRO reversal technique

Back 144

the control condition consists of delivering the event suspected of functioning as reinforcement following the emission of any behaviour other than the target behaviour

Front 145

Duration

Back 145

a measure of the total extent of time in which a behaviour occurs

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Echoic

Back 146

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence and formal similarity with the response.

Front 147

Ecological Assessment

Back 147

an assessment protocol that acknowledges complex interrelationships between environment and behaviour - a method for obtaining data across multiple settings and persons

Front 148

Edible, sensory, tangible, activity, or social reinforcer

Back 148

What are 5 ways that reinforcer can be described by their physical properties

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Empiricism

Back 149

the way questions about the workings of nature are most effectively examined

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Environment

Back 150

The conglomerate of real circumstances in which the organism or referenced part of the organism exists; behaviour cannot occur in the absence of environment.

Front 151

Escape Contingency

Back 151

a response terminates an ongoing stimulus.

Front 152

Escape Contingency

Back 152

contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus-compare with avoidance contingency

Front 153

Escape Extinction

Back 153

behaviours maintained with negative reinforcement are placed on excape extinction when those behaviours are not followed by termination of the aversive stimulus; emitting the target behaivor does not enable the person to escape the aversive situation

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Establishing Operations

Back 154

A motivating operation that establishes (increases) the effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event as a reinforcer.

Front 155

Ethical Codes of Behaviour

Back 155

Statements that provide guidelines for members of professional associations when deciding a course of action or conducting professional duties; standards by which graduated sanctions (e.g., reprimand, censure, expulsion) can be imposed for deviating from the code.

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Ethics

Back 156

Behaviors, practices, and decisions that address such basic and fundamental questions as: What is the right thing to do? What's worth doing? What does it mean to be a good behaviour analytic practitioner?

Front 157

Event Recording

Back 157

measurement procedure for obtaining a tally or count of the number of times a behaviour occurs

Front 158

Evocative Effect

Back 158

an increase in the current frequency of behaviour that has been reinforced by the stimulus that is increased in reinforcing effectiveness by the same motivating operation

Front 159

Exact count-per-interval IOA

Back 159

The percentage of total intervals in which two observers recorded the same count

Front 160

Exclusion time-out

Back 160

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of a target behaviour, the person is removed physically from the current environment for a specified period.

Front 161

Experiment

Back 161

a carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (the dependent varibale) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (the independent variable) differs from one condition to another

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Experimental Analysis of Behaviour (EAB)

Back 162

a natural science approach to the study of behaviour as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F.Skinner; methodological features include rate of response as a basic dependent vairable, repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response classes, within-subject experimental comparisons instead of group design, visual analysis of graphed data instead of statistical inference, and an emphasis on describing functional relations between behaviour and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing

Front 163

Experimental Control

Back 163

a predictable change in behaviour can be reliably and repeatedly produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the subject's environment

Front 164

Experimental Control

Back 164

a predictable change in behaviour can be reliably produced by the systematic manipulation of some aspect of the person's environment

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Experimental control

Back 165

Two meanings: (a) the outcome of an experiment that demonstrates convincingly a functional relations, meaning that experimental control is achieved when a predictable change in behaviour (the dependent variable_ can be reliably produced by manipulating a specific aspect of the environment (the independent variable); and (b) the extent to which a researcher maintains precise control of the independent variable by presenting it, with drawing it, and/or varying its value, and also by eliminating or holding constant all confounding and extraneous variables.

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Experimental Design

Back 166

_________________________refers to the arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects of the independent variable can be made.

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Experimental Design

Back 167

refers to the particular arrangement of conditions in a study so that meaningful comparisons of the effects for the presence, absence, or different values of the independent variable can be made

Front 168

Experimental Question

Back 168

a statement of what the researcher seeks to learn by conducting the experiment; may be presented in question form and is most often found in a published account as a statement of the experiment's purpose.

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Explanatory Fiction

Back 169

a fictitious or hypothetical variable that often takes form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon, such as "intelligence" or "cognitive awareness" as explanations for why an organism puches the lever when the light is on and food is available but does not push the lever when the light is off and no food is available.

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External Validity

Back 170

the degree to which a study's findings have generality ot other subjects, setting, and/or behaivors

Front 171

Extinction (Operant)

Back 171

the discontinuing of a reinforcement of a previously reinfroced behaviour ; the primary effect is a decrease in the frequency of the behaviour until it reaches a prereinforced level or ultimately ceases to occur.

Front 172

Extinction Burst

Back 172

an increase in the frequency of responding when an extinction procedure is initially implemented.

Front 173

Extraneous Variable

Back 173

any aspect of the experimetal setting that must be held constant to prevent unplanned environmental variation

Front 174

Fading

Back 174

a procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus (e.g., shape, size, position, color) controlling a beahvior are gradually changed to a new stimulus while maintaining the current behaviour; stimulus features can be faded in (enhanced) or out (reduced)

Front 175

Feature Stimulus Class

Back 175

stimuli that share common physical forms or structures (e.g., made from wood, four legs, round, blue) or common relative relationships (e.g., bigger than, hotter than, higher than, next to)

Front 176

Fixed Interval

Back 176

a schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duraiton of time since the last response was reinforced

Front 177

Fixed Interval DRO (FI-DRO)

Back 177

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals of fixed duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour during each interval

Front 178

Fixed Ratio (FR)

Back 178

a schedule of reinforcement requiring a fixed number of responses for reinforcement

Front 179

Fixed-Momentary DRO (FM-DRO)

Back 179

a DRO procudre in which reinfrocement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by a fixed amount of time, and delivered contingent on the problem not occurring at those moments

Front 180

Formal Similarity

Back 180

A situation that occurs when the controlling antecedent stimulus and the response or response product (a) share the same sense mode (e.g., both stimulus and response are visual, auditory, or tactile) and (b) physically resemble each other.

Front 181

Forward Chaining

Back 181

a method for teaching behaviour chains that begins with the learner being prompted and taught to perform the fist behaivor in the task analysis; the trainer completed the remaining steps in the chian.

Front 182

Free Operant

Back 182

any operant behaviour that results in minimal displacement of the participant in time and space

Front 183

Free Operant

Back 183

can be emitted at nearly any time; is discrete, it requires minimal time for completion, and it can produce a wide range of response rates

Front 184

Free Operant Avoidance

Back 184

avoidance behaviour is "free to occur" at any time

Front 185

Free Operant Avoidance

Back 185

contingency in which responses at any time during an interval prior to the onset of an aversive stimulus delays the presentation of the aversive stimulus-compare with discriminated avoidance

Front 186

Frequency

Back 186

a ratio of count per observation time

Front 187

Functional Relation

Back 187

a verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment (or group of related experiemts) that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified and controlled variable sin the experiment in which a specific change in one event canb e produced by manipulating another event, and that the change in the dependent variable was unlikely the result of other factors

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Full Session DRL

Back 188

a procedure for impleneting DRL in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of responses emitted during the session does not exceed a criterion limit

Front 189

Function

Back 189

An applied analysis of behaviour requires that the target behaviour be __________________of an environmental event that can be practically and ethically manipulated.

Front 190

Function-Altering Effect

Back 190

A relatively permanent change in an organism's repertoire of MO, stimulus, and response relations, caused by reinforcement, punishment, an extinction procedure, or a recovery from punishment procedure.

Front 191

Function-Based Definition

Back 191

designates responses as members of the targeted response class solely in terms of their common effect on the environment

Front 192

Functional Analysis

Back 192

an analysis of the purposes (functions) of problem behaviour, wherein antecedents and consequences representing those in the person's natural routines are arranged within an experimental design so that their separate effects on problem behaviour can be observed and measured

Front 193

Functional Behaviour Assessment (FBA)

Back 193

a systematic method of assessment for obtaining information about the purposes (functions) a problem behaviour serves for a person

Front 194

Functional Communication Training (FCT)

Back 194

An antecedent intervention in which an appropriate communicative behaviour is taught as a replacement behaviour for problem behaviour usually evoked by an establishing operation (EO).

Front 195

Functional definition of behaviour

Back 195

Designated responses as members of the targeted response class only by their common effect on the environment (function)

Front 196

Functional, Descriptive, and Indirect

Back 196

FBA methods can be classified into three types:

Front 197

Functionally Equivalent

Back 197

serving the same function or purpose, producing the same consequences

Front 198

Future

Back 198

Consequence can only effect "new" or "future" behaviour?

Front 199

General Case Analysis

Back 199

A systematic process for identifying and selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements in the generalization setting(s).

Front 200

Generalization

Back 200

A generic term for a variety of behavioural processes and behaviour change outcomes.

Front 201

Generalization across Subjects

Back 201

Changes in the behaviour of people not directly treated by an intervention as a function of treatment contingencies applied to other people.

Front 202

Generalization Probe

Back 202

Any measurement of a learner's performance of a target behaviour in a setting and/or stimulus situation in which direct training has not been provided.

Front 203

Generalization Setting

Back 203

Any place or stimulus situation that differs in some meaningful way from the instructional setting and in which performance of the target behaviour is desired.

Front 204

Generalized Behaviour Change

Back 204

a behaviour change that ahs not been taught directly

Front 205

Generalized Conditioned Punisher

Back 205

A stimulus change that, as a result of having been paired with many other punishers, functions as punishment under most conditions because it is free from the control of motivating conditions for specific types of punishment.

Front 206

Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer

Back 206

conditioned reinforcer that as a result of having been paired with many other reinforcers does not depend on an established operation for any particular form of reinforcement for its effectiveness

Front 207

Generic (Tact) Extension

Back 207

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares all of the relevant or defining features associated with the original stimulus.

Front 208

Graphs

Back 208

relatively simple formats for visually displaying relationships among and between a series of measurements and relevant variables-help people make sense of of quantitative information

Front 209

Group Contingency

Back 209

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on the behaviour of (a) a person within the group, (b) a select group of members within the larger group, or (c) each member of the group meeting a performance criterion.

Front 210

Habilitation

Back 210

(adjustment) occurs when a person's repertoire has been changed such that short- and long-term reinforcers are maximized and short- and long-term punishers are minimized

Front 211

Habit Reversal

Back 211

A multiple-component treatment package for reducing unwanted habits such as fingernail biting and muscle tics; treatment typically includes self-awareness training involving response detection and procedures for identifying events that precede and trigger the response; competing response training; and motivation techniques including self-administered consequences, social support systems, and procedures for promoting the generalization and maintenance of treatment gains.

Front 212

Habituation

Back 212

A decrease in responsiveness to repeated presentations of a stimulus; most often used to describe a reduction of respondent behaviour as a function of repeated presentation of the eliciting stimulus over a short span of time.

Front 213

Hallway Time-out

Back 213

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of an inappropriate behaviour, the student is removed from the classroom to a hallway location near the room for a specified period of time.

Front 214

Hero Procedure

Back 214

Another term for a dependent group contingency (i.e., a person earns a reward for the group).

Front 215

High-Probability (high-p) Request Sequence

Back 215

An antecedent intervention in which two to five easy tasks with a known history of learner compliance (the high-p requests) are presented in quick succession immediately before requesting the target task, the low-p request.

Front 216

Higher Order Conditioning

Back 216

Development of a conditioned reflex by pairing of a neutral stimulus (NS) with a conditioned stimulus (CS). Also known as secondary conditioning.

Front 217

History of Reinforcement

Back 217

An inclusive term referring in general to all of a person's learning experiences and more specifically to past conditioning .

Front 218

Human Error

Back 218

______________is the biggest threat to accuracy and reliability of data.

Front 219

Hypothetical Construct

Back 219

a presumed but unobserved process or entity

Front 220

Imitation

Back 220

a behaviour controlled by any physical movement that serves as a novel model excludidng vocal0verbal behaivor, has formal similarity with the model, and immediately follows the occurrence of the model.

Front 221

impure tact

Back 221

A verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by both an MO and a nonverbal stimulus; thus, the response is part mand and part tact.

Front 222

Independent Group Contingency

Back 222

A contingency in which reinforcement for each member of a group is dependent on that person's meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

Front 223

Independent Variable

Back 223

a specified point in time and/or environmental condition

Front 224

Independent Variable

Back 224

the particular aspect of the environment that the experimenter manipulates to find out whether it affects the subject's behaviour

Front 225

Independent variable

Back 225

the variable that is systematically manipulated by the researcher in an experiment to see whether changes in the independent variable produce reliable changes in the dependent variable. In applied behaviour analysis, it is usually an environmental even or condition antecedent or consequent to the dependent variable. Sometimes called the intervention or treatment variable

Front 226

Indirect Functional Assessment

Back 226

structured interviews, checklists, rating scales, or questionnaires used to obtain information from people who are familiar with the person exhibiting the problem behaviour

Front 227

Indirect Measurement

Back 227

Occurs when the behaviour that is measured is in some way different from the behaviour of interest

Front 228

indiscriminable Contingency

Back 228

A contingency that makes it difficult for the learner to discriminate whether the next response will produce reinforcement.

Front 229

informed Consent

Back 229

When the potential recipient of services or participant in a research study gives his explicit permission before any assessment or treatment is provided. Full disclosure of effects and side effects must be provided. To give consent, the person must (a) demonstrate the capacity to decide, (b) do so voluntarily, and (c) have adequate knowledge of all salient aspects of the treatment.

Front 230

instructional Setting

Back 230

The environment where instruction occurs; includes all aspects of the environment, planned and unplanned, that may influence the learner's acquisition and generalization of the target behaviour.

Front 231

interdependent Group Contingency

Back 231

A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.

Front 232

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 232

contingency of reinforcement in which some, but not all, occurrences of the behaviour produce reinforcement

Front 233

intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement and Delayed Rewards

Back 233

Two forms of indiscriminable contingencies.

Front 234

Internal Validity

Back 234

An experimenter has a high degree of ____________ _________________when it shows convincingly that changes in behaviour are a function of the independent variable and not the result of unknown variables.

Front 235

Internal Validity

Back 235

Experiments that have a high degree of convincing changes in behaviour are a function of the independent variable and are not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables

Front 236

Internal validity

Back 236

the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behaviour are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

Front 237

interobserver Agreement

Back 237

The degree to which two or more independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events

Front 238

interresponse time (IRT)

Back 238

the elapsed time between two successive responses

Front 239

interresponse time and Response Latency

Back 239

2 measures of temporal locus

Front 240

interval DRL

Back 240

a procedure for implementing DRL in which the total session is divided into equal intervals and reinfrocement is provided at the end of each interval in which the number of responses during the interval is equal to or below a criterion limit

Front 241

interval-by-interval IOA

Back 241

This equals = (number of intervals of agreement / total number of intervals) * 100%

Front 242

intraverbal

Back 242

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus and that does not have point-to-point correspondence with that verbal stimulus.

Front 243

Irreversibility

Back 243

a situation that occurs when the level of responding observed in a previous phase cannot be reproduced even though the experimental conditions are the same as they were during the earlier phase

Front 244

Lag Reinforcement Schedule

Back 244

A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement is contingent on a response being different in some specified way from the previous response or a specified number of previous responses.

Front 245

Level

Back 245

the value on the vertical axis scale around which a set of behavioural measures converge

Front 246

Level System

Back 246

A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behaviour at the current level. The performance criterion and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviours required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels; as participants advance to higher levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.

Front 247

Limited Hold

Back 247

situation in which reinforcement is available only for a finite time following the lapse of an FI or VI interval--if the target response does not occur within the time limit, reinforcement is withheld and new interval begins

Front 248

Line

Back 248

The ________graph is the most common graphic formant for displaying data in applied behaviour analysis.

Front 249

Line Graph

Back 249

You are interested in looking at behaviour under different and alternating experimental conditions, what type of graphic display is used?

Front 250

Listener

Back 250

Someone who provides reinforcement for verbal behaviour.

Front 251

Local Response Rate

Back 251

refers to the rate of response during periods of time smaller than that for which an overall rate has been given

Front 252

Magnitude

Back 252

The force or intensity of the behavioural response.

Front 253

Magnitude

Back 253

The force or intensity with which a response is emitted

Front 254

Maintenance

Back 254

two different meanings in applied behaviour analysis: (a) the extent to which the lerner continues to perfom the target beahvior after a portion or all of the intervetnion has been termintated , a dependent variabl eor characteristic and (b) a condition in which treatment has been discontinued or partially withdrawn, an independen variable or experimetnal condition

Front 255

Mand

Back 255

An elementary verbal operant that is evoked by an MO and followed by specific reinforcement.

Front 256

Massed Practice

Back 256

A self-directed behaviour change technique in which the person forces himself to perform an undesired behaviour (e.g., a compulsive ritual) repeatedly, which sometimes decreases the future frequency of the behaviour.

Front 257

Matching law

Back 257

allocation of responses to choices available on concurrent schedules of reinforcement; rates of responding across choices are distributed in proportions that match the rates of reinforcement received from each choice alternative

Front 258

Matching-to-Sample

Back 258

a proceudre for investigating conditional relations and stimulus equivalence.

Front 259

Mean Count-per-interval IOA

Back 259

The average percentage of agreement between the counts reported by two observers in a measurement period comprised of a series of smaller counting times

Front 260

Mean Duration-per-occurrence IOA

Back 260

equals average percentage of agreement of the durations reported by two observers for each occurrence of the target behaviour

Front 261

Measurement Bias

Back 261

a form of inaccurate measurement in which the data consistently overestimate or underestimate the true value of an event

Front 262

Measurement by Permanent Product

Back 262

a method of measuring behaviour after it has occurred by recording the effects that the behaviour produced on the environment

Front 263

Mentalism

Back 263

an approach to explaining behaviour that assumes that a mental, or "inner," dimension exists that differs from a behavioural dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behaivor, if not all

Front 264

Metaphorical (Tact) Extension

Back 264

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares some, but not all, of the relevant features of the original stimulus.

Front 265

Methodological Behaviourism

Back 265

a philosophical position that vies behavioural events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science

Front 266

Metonymical (Tact) Extension

Back 266

A tact evoked by a novel stimulus that shares none of the relevant features of the original stimulus configuration, but some irrelevant yet related feature has acquired stimulus control.

Front 267

Mixed schedule

Back 267

compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Front 268

Momentary time sampling

Back 268

a measurement method in which the presence or absence of behaviours are recorded at precisely specified time intervals

Front 269

Motivating operation

Back 269

An environmental variable that (a) alters (increases or decreases) the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object, or event; and (b) alters (increases or decreases) the current frequency of all behaviour that have been reinforced by that stimulus, object, or event.

Front 270

motivating operation

Back 270

An environmental variable that alters the reinforcing effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event.

Front 271

Multielement design

Back 271

the treatment design provides an experimentally sound and efficient method for comparing the effects of two or more treatments

Front 272

Multiple Baseline across Behaviors Design

Back 272

begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviours of a single participant

Front 273

Multiple Baseline across Settings Design

Back 273

a single behaviour of a person (or group) is targeted in two or more different settings or conditions (e.g. locations, times of day).

Front 274

Multiple Baseline across Subjects Design

Back 274

one target behaviour is selected for two or more subjects (or groups) in the same setting.

Front 275

Multiple Baseline Design

Back 275

An Experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviours in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one of the behaviours while baseline conditions remain in effect for the other behaviour(s). After maximum change has been noted in the first behaviour, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviours in the design.

Front 276

Multiple exemplar training

Back 276

Instruction that provides the learner with practice with a variety of stimulus conditions, response variations, and response topographies to ensure the acquisition of desired stimulus controls response forms; used to promote both setting/situation generalization and response generalization.

Front 277

Multiple Probe Design

Back 277

a method of analyzing the relation between the independent variable and the acquisition of a successive approximation or task sequence.

Front 278

Multiple schedule

Back 278

compound schedule of reinforcement consisting of 2 or more basic schedules of reinforcement that occur in an alternating, usually random sequence

Front 279

Multiple treatment interference

Back 279

the effects of one treatment on a subject's behaviour being confounding by the influence of another treatment administered in the same study

Front 280

Multiple treatment reversal design

Back 280

Experiments that use the reversal design to compare the effects of two or more experimental conditions to baseline and/or to one another

Front 281

Multiple-control (of verbal behaviour)

Back 281

There are two types of this (a) convergent_____ ____ occurs when a single verbal response is a fucntion of more than one variable (b) what is said has more than one antecedent source of control. Divergent _______ ________ occurs when a single antecedent variable affects the strength of more that one response

Front 282

Naive

Back 282

Measurement bias cause by observer expectations can be avoided by using_____________ observer.

Front 283

Naive observer

Back 283

An observer who is unaware of the study's purpose and/or the experimental conditions in effect during a given phase or observation period

Front 284

Naturally existing contingency

Back 284

Any contingency of reinforcement (or punishment) that operates independent of the behaviour analyst's or practitioner's efforts; includes socially mediated contingencies contrived by other people and already in effect in the relevant setting.

Front 285

NCR Reversal Design

Back 285

A higher level of responding during the reinforcement condition demonstrates that the changes in behaviour are the result of contingent reinforcement, not simply the presentation of or contact with the stimulus event

Front 286

Negative punishment

Back 286

A response behaviour is followed immediately by the removal of a stimulus (or a decrease in the intensity of the stimulus), that decreases the future frequency of similar responses under similar conditions.

Front 287

Negative punishment

Back 287

Sometimes called Type II punishment

Front 288

Negative reinforcement

Back 288

A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed or variable-time schedules completely independent of behaviour. Used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behaviour.

Front 289

Negative reinforcement

Back 289

Contingency in which the occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus, which lead to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Front 290

Negative reinforcement

Back 290

The occurrence of a response produces the removal, termination, reduction, or postponement of a stimulus, which leads to an increase in the future occurrence of that response.

Front 291

Negative reinforcement

Back 291

When behaviour increases because there is a withdrawal or termination of stimulus

Front 292

Neutral Stimulus

Back 292

A stimulus change that does not elicit respondent behaviour.

Front 293

Non-Parametric Study

Back 293

Independent Variable is either presented or absent during a time period or phase of the study

Front 294

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

Back 294

A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedules completely independent of behaviour; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behaviour.

Front 295

Non Exclusion Time-Out

Back 295

A procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behaviour, the person remains within the setting, but does not have access to reinforcement, for a specified period.

Front 296

Normalization

Back 296

The belief that people with disabilities should be physically and socially integrated into the mainstream of society regardless of the degree or type of disability

Front 297

Objective, Clear, Complete

Back 297

three characteristics of a "good definition"

Front 298

Observation Period

Back 298

this should always be noted when reporting count measures

Front 299

Observed Value

Back 299

A measure produced by an observation an measurement system

Front 300

Observer Drift

Back 300

Any unintended change in the way an observer uses a measurement system over the course of an investigation that results in measurement error

Front 301

Observer Reactivity

Back 301

influence on the data reported by an observer that results from the observer's awareness that others are evaluating the data he reports

Front 302

Ontogeny

Back 302

The history of development of an individual organism during its lifetime.

Front 303

Operant Behaviour

Back 303

Behaviour that is selected, maintained, and brought under stimulus control as a function of its consequences; each person's repertoire of operant behaviour is a product of his history of interactions with the environment.

Front 304

Operant Conditioning

Back 304

The basic process by which operant learning occurs; consequences (stimulus changes immediately following responses) result in an increased (reinforcement) or decreased (punishment)frequency of the same type of behaviour under similar motivational conditions in the future.

Front 305

Overall Response Rate

Back 305

the average rate of response over a given time period, such as during a specific session, phase, or condition of an experiment

Front 306

Overcorrection

Back 306

A behaviour change tactic based on positive punishment in which, contingent on the problem behaviour, the learner is required to engage in effortful behaviour directly or logically related to fixing the damage caused by the behaviour

Front 307

Parametric Analysis

Back 307

An experiment designed to discover the differential effects of a range of values of an independent variable.

Front 308

Parametric Analysis

Back 308

Seeks to discover the differential effects of a range of values of the independent variable

Front 309

Parsimony

Back 309

The idea that simple, logical explanations must be ruled out, experimentally or conceptually, before more complex or abstract explanations are considered.

Front 310

Partial-Interval Recording

Back 310

A time sampling method in which the observer records whether the target behaviour occurred at any time during the interval

Front 311

Partition Time-Out

Back 311

An exclusion procedure for implementing time-out in which, contingent on the occurrence of the target behaviour, the person remains within the time-in setting, but stays behind a wall, shield, or barrier that restricts the view.

Front 312

Percentage

Back 312

A ratio formed by combining the same dimensional quantities

Front 313

Percentage of Agreement

Back 313

__________________ __ ___________________between observers is the most common convention for reporting IOA in ABA.

Front 314

Philosophic Doubt

Back 314

an attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned.

Front 315

Phylogeny

Back 315

The history of the natural evolution of a species

Front 316

Pivotal Behaviour

Back 316

A behaviour that, when learned, produces corresponding modifications or co-variation in other untrained behaviours

Front 317

Placebo Control

Back 317

A procedure that prevents a subject from detecting the presence or absence of the treatment variable. To the subject the placebo condition appears the same as the treatment condition: e.g., a placebo pill contains an inert substance but looks, feels, and tastes exactly like a pill that contains the treatment drug (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 318

Planned Activity Check (PLACHECK)

Back 318

A variation of momentary time sampling in which the observer records whether each person in a group is engaged in the target behaviour at specific points in time; provides a measure of "group behaviour"

Front 319

Planned ignoring

Back 319

A procedure for implementing time-out in which social reinforcers - usually attention, physical contact, and verbal interaction - are withheld for a brief period contingent on the occurrence of the target behaviour.

Front 320

Point-to-point correspondence

Back 320

A relation between the stimulus and response or response product that occurs when the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal stimulus matches the beginning, middle, and end of the verbal response.

Front 321

Positive Practice Overcorrection

Back 321

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behaviour, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behaviour, or a behaviour incompatible with the problem behaviour, a specified number of times; entails an educative component.

Front 322

Positive Punishment

Back 322

A behaviour is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of the behaviour

Front 323

Positive Punishment

Back 323

Devon is driving car, sees red light and hits the gas. His car is hit. Devin's fine, but new car dented. In future Devon will not "speed up" when there is a red light. (is this an example of: Positive R., Positive P., Negative R, Negative P.?)

Front 324

Positive Punishment

Back 324

Sometimes called Type I punishment

Front 325

Positive Reinforcement

Back 325

Molly is asked to get her book and start reading; Molly gets her book and starts reading. Molly's teacher ignores her. Molly continues to read her book, In the future, under similar conditions; she will continue to get her book. (is this an example of: Positive R., Positive P., Negative R, Negative P.?)

Front 326

Positive Reinforcement

Back 326

Occurs when a behaviour is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour in similar conditions- contrast with negative reinforcement.

Front 327

Positive Reinforcement

Back 327

Occurs when a behaviour is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behaviour in similar conditions.

Front 328

Positive Reinforcement

Back 328

When the behaviour is immediately followed by the presentation of stimulus which will increase behaviour in future.

Front 329

Positive Reinforcer

Back 329

Stimulus whose presentation or onset functions as reinforcement-contrast with negative reinforcer

Front 330

Post Reinforcement Pause

Back 330

Absence of responding for a period of time following reinforcement

Front 331

Practice Effects

Back 331

Improvement in performance resulting from opportunities to perform a behaviour repeatedly so that baseline measures can be obtained.

Front 332

Practice Effects

Back 332

Refers to improvements in performance resulting from repeated opportunities to emit the behaviour so that baseline measurements can be obtained

Front 333

Prediction

Back 333

A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement/on of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs

Front 334

Prediction

Back 334

the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement

Front 335

Prediction, Description, Control

Back 335

What are the three levels of understanding of science?

Front 336

Prediction, Functional Relation, Mentalism

Back 336

The following are neither attitude of science and ABA

Front 337

Prediction, Verification, Replication

Back 337

List 3 components of experimental reasoning used in single-subject research design?

Front 338

Premack Principle

Back 338

Principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a high-probability behaviour contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behaviour will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behaviour. See also response-deprivation hypothesis

Front 339

Principle of Behaviour

Back 339

A statement describing a functional relation between behaviour and one or more of its controlling variables with generality across organisms, species, settings, behaviours, and time.

Front 340

Procedural Fidelity

Back 340

AKA treatment integrity (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 341

Programming Common Stimuli

Back 341

A tactic for promoting setting/situation generalization by making the instructional setting similar to the generalization setting; the two-step process involves (1) identifying salient stimuli that characterize the generalization setting and (2) incorporating those stimuli into the instructional setting.

Front 342

Progressive Schedule Reinforcement

Back 342

schedule that systematically thins each successive reinforcement opportunity independent of the individual's behaviour

Front 343

Punisher

Back 343

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behaviour that immediately precedes it.

Front 344

Punisher

Back 344

A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of behaviour that immediately precedes it.

Front 345

Punishment

Back 345

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behaviour in similar conditions.

Front 346

Punishment

Back 346

Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behaviour in similar conditions.

Front 347

Radical Behaviourism

Back 347

a thoroughgoing form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behaviour, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, terms of controlling variables in the history of the person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)

Front 348

Rate

Back 348

A ratio of count per observation time

Front 349

Ratio Strain

Back 349

Behavioural effect associated with abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from denser to thinner reinforcement schedules

Front 350

Ratio Strain

Back 350

What event can result from abrupt increases in ratio requirements when moving from a denser to thinner reinforcement schedule?

Front 351

Reactivity

Back 351

Effects of an observation and measurement procedure on the behaviour being measured

Front 352

Recovery from Punishment Procedure

Back 352

The occurrence of a previously punished type of response without its punishment procedure. This procedure is analogous to the extinction of previously reinforced behaviour and has the effect of undoing the effect of the punishment.

Front 353

Reflex

Back 353

A stimulus-response relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus and the respondent behaviour it elicits (bright light-pupil contraction).

Front 354

Reflexive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-R)

Back 354

A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. It is exemplified by the warning stimulus in a typical escape-avoidance procedure, which establishes its own offset as reinforcement and evokes all behaviour that has accomplished that offset.

Front 355

Reflexivity

Back 355

A type of stimulus-to-stimulus relation in which the learner, without any prior training or reinforcement for doing so, selects a comparison stimulus that is the same as the sample stimulus

Front 356

Reinforcement

Back 356

Occurs when a stimulus change immediately follows a response and increases the future frequency of that type of behaviour in similar conditions.

Front 357

Reinforcement

Back 357

This term is one of the most important principle of behaviour and a key element of most behaviour change programs.

Front 358

Reinforcer

Back 358

A stimulus change that increases the future frequency of behaviour that immediately precedes it.

Front 359

Reinforcer Assessment

Back 359

Refers to a variety of direct, empirical methods for representing one or more stimuli contingent on a target response and measuring their effectiveness as reinforcers

Front 360

Reinforcer-Abolishing Effect

Back 360

A decrease in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Front 361

Reinforcer-Establishing effect

Back 361

An increase in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event caused by a motivating operation.

Front 362

Relevance of Behaviour Rule

Back 362

Holds that only behaviours likely to produce reinforcement in the person's natural environment should be targeted for change

Front 363

Reliability

Back 363

Refers to the consistency of measurement, specifically, the extent to which repeated measurement of the same event yields the same values

Front 364

Reliable

Back 364

Measurement is ____________ when it yields the same values across repeated measures of the same event.

Front 365

Repeatability

Back 365

Refers to the fact that a behaviour can occur repeatedly through time

Front 366

Repeatability, Temporal Extent, Temporal Locus

Back 366

The three fundamental properties, or dimensional quantities, that behaviour analysts can measure

Front 367

Repertoire

Back 367

All of the behaviours a person can do; or a set of behaviours relevant to a particular setting or task.

Front 368

Replication

Back 368

(a) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity. (b) Repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and /or behaviours.

Front 369

Replication

Back 369

Repeating the independent variable manipulations conducted previously in the study and obtaining similar outcomes

Front 370

Replication

Back 370

The context of repeating a previous experiment

Front 371

Respondent behaviour

Back 371

The response component of a reflex; behaviour that is elicited, or induced, by antecedent stimuli.

Front 372

Respondent conditioning

Back 372

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedure in which a neutral stimulus (NS) is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.

Front 373

Rspondent extinction

Back 373

The repeated presentation of a conditioned stimulus in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus; the CS gradually loses its ability to elicit the conditioned response until the conditioned reflex no longer appears in the individual's repertoire.

Front 374

Response

Back 374

A single instance or occurrence of a specific class or type of behaviour.

Front 375

Response Blocking

Back 375

A procedure in which the therapist physically intervenes as soon as the learner begins to emit a problem behaviour to prevent completion of the targeted behaviour.

Front 376

Response Class

Back 376

A group of responses of varying topography, all of which produce the same effect on the environment.

Front 377

Response Class

Back 377

A group of responses of varying topography, all off which produce the same effect on the environment.

Front 378

Response Cost

Back 378

The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decre.ase of the frequency of behaviour; a form of negative punishment

Front 379

Response Deprivation Hypothesis

Back 379

Model for predicting whether contingent access to one behaviour will function as reinforcement for engaging in another behaviour based on whether the access to the contingent behaviour represents a restriction of the activity compared to the baseline level of engagement- See Premack principle

Front 380

Response Differentiation

Back 380

A behaviour change produced by differential reinforcement: Reinforced members of the current respone class occur with greater frequency, and unreinforced members occur less frequently; the overall result is the emergence of a new response class

Front 381

Response Generalization

Back 381

The extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained target behaviour.

Front 382

Response Latency

Back 382

If you are interested in the amount of time it takes a student to begin a task after the teacher has given an instruction you would measure:

Front 383

Response Latency

Back 383

The elapsed time from the onset of a stimulus (e.g., task direction, cue) to the initiation of a response

Front 384

Response Maintenance

Back 384

The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behaviour after a portion or all of the intervention responsible for the behavior's initial appearance in the learner's repertoire has been terminated.

Front 385

Response-Deprivation Hypothesis

Back 385

The model for predicting whether contingent access to one behaviour will function as a reinforcement for engaging in another behaviour based on whether access to the contingent behaviour represents a restriction of the activity being compared to the baseline level of engagement refers to this

Front 386

Restitutional Overcorrection

Back 386

A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on the problem behaviour, the learner is required to repair the damage or return the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behaviour to bring the environment to a condition vastly better than it was in prior to the misbehavior.

Front 387

Restitutional Overcorrection and Positive Practice Overcorrection

Back 387

Two forms of overcorrection

Front 388

Reversal Design

Back 388

Any experimental design in which the researcher attempts to verify the effect of the independent variable by "reversing" responding to a level obtained in a previous condition: encompasses experimental designs in which the independent variable is withdrawn

Front 389

Rule-Governed Behaviour

Back 389

Behaviour controlled bya rule; enables human beahvior to come under the indirect control of temporally remote or improbable but potentially significant consequences.

Front 390

Satiation

Back 390

A decrease in the frequency of operant behaviour presumed to be the result of continued contact with or consumption of a reinforcer that has followed the behaviour.

Front 391

Scatterplot

Back 391

A two dimensional graph that shoes the relative distibution of individual measures in a data set with respect to the variables depicted by the x and y axes.

Front 392

Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 392

Rule specifying the environmental arrangements and response requirements for reinforcement

Front 393

Schedule Thinning

Back 393

Changing a contingency reinforcement by gradually increasing the response ratio or the extent of the time interval

Front 394

Science

Back 394

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as avalue, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience

Front 395

Scored-Interval IOA

Back 395

= (number of intervals of agreement) / (intervals in which either or both observers recorded occurrence) * 100%

Front 396

Scored-Interval IOA

Back 396

IOA index recommended for behaviours that occur at low rates

Front 397

Selection by Consequences

Back 397

The fundamental principle underlying operant conditioning; all forms of operant behaviour, from simple to complex, are selected, shaped, and maintained by their consequences during an individual's lifetime.

Front 398

Self-Assessment

Back 398

Another term for self-evaluation.

Front 399

Self-Contract

Back 399

Contingency contract that a person makes with himself, incorporating a self-selected task and reward as well as personal monitoring of task completions and self-delivery of the reward.

Front 400

Self-Control

Back 400

One of two meanings: A person's ability to "delay gratification" by emitting a response that will produce a larger (or higher quality) delayed reward over a response that produces a smaller but immediate reward (sometimes considered impulse control).

Front 401

Self-Control

Back 401

One of two meanings: A person's behaving in a certain way so as to change a subsequent behaviour (i.e., to self-manage her own behaviour).

Front 402

Self-Evaluation

Back 402

A procedure in which a person compares his performance of a target behaviour with a predetermined goal or standard; often a component of self-management.

Front 403

Self-instruction

Back 403

Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behaviour.

Front 404

Self-Management

Back 404

The personal application of behaviour change tactics that produces a desired change in behaviour.

Front 405

Self-Monitoring

Back 405

A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behaviour and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behaviour.

Front 406

Semi-Logarithmic Chart

Back 406

Refers to graphs in which only one axis is scaled proportionally

Front 407

Sensory Extinction

Back 407

The process by which behaviours maintian by automatic reinforcement are placed on extinction by maskin gor removing the sensory consequence.

Front 408

Sequence Effects

Back 408

The effects on a subject's experience with a prior condition

Front 409

Setting/Situation Generalization

Back 409

The extent to which a learner emits the target behaviour in a setting or stimulus situation that is different from the instructional setting.

Front 410

Shaping

Back 410

Using differential reinforcement ot produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behaviour.

Front 411

Single-Subject design

Back 411

A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behaviour of individual subjects.

Front 412

Single-Subject Designs

Back 412

A wide variety of research designs that use a form of experimental reasoning called baseline logic to demonstrate the effects of the independent variable on the behaviour of individual subjects

Front 413

Skinners Publication: The Behavior of Organism

Back 413

What formally began the experimental branch of behaviour analysis?

Front 414

Social validity

Back 414

Refers to the extent to which target behaviours are appropriate, intervention procedures are acceptable, and important and significant changes in target and collateral behaviours are produced

Front 415

Solistic (Tact) Extension

Back 415

A verbal response evoked by a stimulus property that is only indirectly related to the proper tact relation.

Front 416

Solistic (Tact) Extension

Back 416

Yogi Berra's classic malapropism: "Baseball is ninety percent mental; the other half is physical." is an example of...

Front 417

Spaced-Responding DRL

Back 417

A procedure for implementing DRL in which reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behaviour that is separated from the previous response by a minimum interresponse time (IRT)

Front 418

Speaker

Back 418

Someone who engages in verbal behaviour by emitting mands, tacts, intraverbals, autoclitics, and so on.

Front 419

Split-Middle Line of Progress

Back 419

A method calculating and drawing lines of progress that is more reliable than the freehand method and much less time-consuming than linear regression methods

Front 420

Spontaneous Recovery

Back 420

A behavioural effect associated with extinction in which the behaviour suddenly begins to occur after its frequency has decreased to its prereinforcement level or stopped entirely

Front 421

Stable Baseline

Back 421

Data that show no evidence of an upward or downward trend; all of the measures fall within a relatively small range of values.

Front 422

Stable Baseline

Back 422

The data shows no evidence of an upward or downward trend, and all of the measures fall within a small range of values

Front 423

Standard Celeration Chart

Back 423

To provide standardized means of charting and analyzing how frequency of behaviour changes over time

Front 424

Steady or Stable State Responding

Back 424

A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time

Front 425

Steady state responding

Back 425

A pattern of responding that exhibits relatively little variation in its measured dimensional quantities over a period of time.

Front 426

Steady State Strategy

Back 426

Entails repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control any extraneous influences on the behaviour and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition

Front 427

Steady state strategy

Back 427

Repeatedly exposing a subject to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influences on the behaviour and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the next condition.

Front 428

Stimulus

Back 428

An energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells.

Front 429

Stimulus Class

Back 429

A group of stimuli that share specified common elements along formal, temporal and functional dimensions.

Front 430

Stimulus Control

Back 430

A situation in which the frequency, latency, duration, or amplitude of a behaviour is altered by the presence or absence of an antecedent stimulus.

Front 431

Stimulus delta (S/_\)

Back 431

A stimulus in the presence of which a given behaviour has not produced reinforcement in the past.

Front 432

Stimulus Discrimination Training

Back 432

The conventional procedure requires one beahvior and two antecedent stimulus conditions.

Front 433

Stimulus Equivalence

Back 433

The emergence of accurate responding to untrained and non reinforced stimulus-stimulus relations following th ereinforcement of responses to some stimulus-stimulus realtions.

Front 434

Stimulus Generalization

Back 434

When an antecedent stimulus has a history of evoking a response that has been reinfroced in its presence, the same type of beahivor tends to be evoked by stimuli that share similar physical properties with the controlling antecedent stimulus

Front 435

Stimulus Generalization Gradient

Back 435

A graphic depiction of the extent to which beahvior that has been reinfroced int he presenc eof a specific stimulus condition is emitted in the presence of other stimulus

Front 436

Stimulus Preference Assessment

Back 436

Refers to a variety of procedures to determine a) stimulus that a person prefers b) the relative preference values (high v low) of those stimuli and c) the conditions under which those preferences value remain in effect.

Front 437

Stimulus Preference Assessment

Back 437

Variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference vale (high v low) of those stimuli, the conditions under which those preference value remain in effect, and their presumed value as reinforcers.

Front 438

Stimulus Response

Back 438

A reflex, consistent of an antecedent stimulus and the response behaviour that ELICITS. (hint: Knee jerk when taped on the knee.

Front 439

Stimulus-Stimulus pairing

Back 439

A procedure in which two stimuli are presented at the same time, usually repeatedly for a number of trials, which often results in one stimulus acquiring the function of the other stimulus.

Front 440

Successive Approximations

Back 440

The sequence of new response classes that emerge during the shaping process as the result of differential reinforcement; each successive response class is lcoser in form to the terminal behaviour than the response class it replaces

Front 441

Surrogate Conditioned Motivation Operation (CMO-S)

Back 441

A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behaviour-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.

Front 442

Systematic Desensitization

Back 442

A behaviour therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one response, generally muscle relaxation, for the unwanted behaviour - the fear and anxiety. The client practices relaxing while imagining anxiety-producing situations in a sequence from the least fearful to the most fearful.

Front 443

Systematic Observation

Back 443

___________________ _______________ enhances the understanding of natural phenomenon by enabling scientist to describe behaviour accurately.

Front 444

Systematic Replication

Back 444

The researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of an earlier experiment

Front 445

Tact

Back 445

An elementary verbal operant evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus and followed by generalized conditioned reinforcement.

Front 446

Tandem Schedule

Back 446

Schedule of reinforcement identical to the chained schedule except, like the mixed schedule, the tandem schedule does not use discriminative stimuli with the elements in the chain

Front 447

Target Behaviour

Back 447

The response class selected for intervention; can be defined either functionally or topographically

Front 448

Task Analysis

Back 448

the process of breaking a complex skill or series of beahviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process

Front 449

Teaching Loosely

Back 449

Randomly varying functionally irrelevant stimuli within and across teaching sessions; promotes setting/situation generalization by reducing the likelihood that (a) a single or small group of noncritical stimuli will acquire exclusive control over the target behaviour and (2) the learner's performance of the target behaviour will be impeded or "thrown off" should he encounter any of the "loose" stimuli in the generalization setting.

Front 450

Teaching Sufficient Examples

Back 450

A strategy for promoting generalized behaviour change that consists of teaching the learner to respond to a subset of all of the relevant stimulus and response examples and then assessing the learner's performance on untrained examples.

Front 451

Temporal Extent

Back 451

Refers to the fact that every instance of behaviour occurs during some amount of time

Front 452

Temporal Locus

Back 452

Refers to the fact that every instance of behaviour occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events

Front 453

Terminal Behaviour

Back 453

The end product of shaping

Front 454

Textural

Back 454

An elementary verbal operant involving a response that is evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus that has point-to-point correspondence, but not formal similarity, between the stimulus and the response product.

Front 455

The "why" Question

Back 455

When interviewing a significant other about the clients behaviour, behaviour analyst should ask a variation of questions except:

Front 456

The Consistency of Responding the Rate of Responding and Performance during Extinction

Back 456

Each basic schedule of reinforcement has unique response characteristics that determine what?

Front 457

Three-Term Contingency

Back 457

The basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behaviour; encompasses the termporal and possible dependent realtions among an antecedent stimulus, behaviour, and consequence.

Front 458

Time Sampling

Back 458

A measurement of the presence or absence of behaviour within specific time intervals

Front 459

Time Sampling

Back 459

A method of measurement that is most useful with continuous and high-rate behaviours

Front 460

Time Sampling

Back 460

The procedure of observing and recording behaviour during intervals or at specific moments

Front 461

Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement

Back 461

The contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment.

Front 462

Time-out Ribbon

Back 462

A procedure for implementing nonexclusion time-out in which a child wears a ribbon or wristband that becomes discriminative for receiving reinforcement. Contingent on misbehavior, the ribbon is removed and access to social and other reinforcers are unavailable for a specified period. When time-out ends, the ribbon or band is returned to the child and time-in begins.

Front 463

Token

Back 463

An object that is awarded contingent on appropriate behaviour and that serves as the medium of exchange for backup reinforcers.

Front 464

Token Economy

Back 464

A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviours; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.

Front 465

Topographical

Back 465

The behaviours shape or form

Front 466

Topography

Back 466

The physical form or shape of a behaviour

Front 467

Topography-based Definition

Back 467

Defines instances of the targeted response class by the shape or form of the behaviour

Front 468

Total Count IOA

Back 468

= (smaller of two observers' counts / larger of counts) * 100%

Front 469

Total Duration IOA

Back 469

= (shorter of two durations reported by observers / longer duration) * 100%

Front 470

Transcription

Back 470

An elementary verbal operant involving a spoken verbal stimulus that evokes a written, typed, or finger-spelled response. There is point-to-point correspondence between the stimulus and the response product, but no formal similarity.

Front 471

Transitive Conditioned Motivating Operation (CMO-T)

Back 471

An environmental variable that, as a result of a learning history, establishes (or abolishes) the reinforcing effectiveness of another stimulus and evokes (or abates) the behaviour that has been reinforced by that other stimulus.

Front 472

Transitivity

Back 472

A derived stimulus-stimulus relation that emerges as a product of training two other stimulus-stimulus realtions.

Front 473

Treatment Drift

Back 473

An undesirable situation in which the independent variable of an experiment is applied differently during later stages than it was at the outset of the study (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 474

Treatment Integrity

Back 474

The extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertently along with the planned treatment (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 475

Trend

Back 475

The overall direction taken by a data path is its_________________?

Front 476

Trend

Back 476

The overall direction taken by the data path

Front 477

Trial-by-Trial IOA

Back 477

An IOA index for discrete trial data based on comparing the observers' counts (0 or 1)

Front 478

Trials-to-Criterion

Back 478

A special form of event recording; a measure of the number of responses or practice opportunities needed for a person to achieve a pre-established level of accuracy or proficiency

Front 479

TRUE

Back 479

All EXPERIMENTS in ABA include at least one behaviour and at least one treatment or intervention condition: TRUE/ FALSE

Front 480

TRUE

Back 480

Steady state strategy required repeatedly exposing a participant to a given condition while trying to eliminate or control extraneous influence on behaviour and obtaining a stable pattern of responding before introducing the new condition. TRUE/FALSE

Front 481

TRUE

Back 481

The purpose of establishing baseline level, is that the subjects performance in the absence of the independent variable serves as an objective basis for detecting the effects of the independent variable when introduced in the future. TRUE/FALSE

Front 482

True Value

Back 482

A measure accepted as a quantitative description of the true state of some dimensional quantity of an event as it exists in nature

Front 483

Type I Error

Back 483

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable, when no such relation exists; a "false positive" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 484

Type II Error

Back 484

An error that occurs when a researcher concludes that the independent variable had no effect on the dependent variable, when in truth it did; a "false negative" (Source: CHH, 2 Ed).

Front 485

Unconditioned Motivating Operation (UMO)

Back 485

A motivating operation whose value-altering effect does not depend on a learning history.

Front 486

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcer

Back 486

Stimuli whose removal strengthens behaviour in the absence of prior learning

Front 487

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcer

Back 487

Stimulus that functions as a negative reinforcer as a result of the evolutionary development of the species (phylogeny); no prior learning involved

Front 488

Unconditioned Punisher

Back 488

A stimulus change that decreases the frequency of any behaviour tha immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

Front 489

Unconditioned Punisher

Back 489

An unlearned stimulus-response functional relation consisting of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. food in mouth) that elicits the response (e.g. salivation); a product of the phylogenic evolution of a given species.

Front 490

Unconditioned Reflex

Back 490

An unlearned stimulu-reponse fucntional realtion consisting of an antecedent stimulus that elicits the response ; a product of the phylogenic evolution of a given species; all biologically intact members of a species are born with similar repertoires of unconditioned reflexes

Front 491

Unconditioned Reinforcer

Back 491

A stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behaviour that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus.

Front 492

Unconditioned Reinforcers

Back 492

Stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behaviour that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organism's learning history with the stimulus. They are the product of the revolutionary development of the species (phylogeny)- aka primary or unlearned reinforcer; compare with conditioned reinforcer

Front 493

Unconditioned Stimulus

Back 493

The stimulus component of an unconditioned reflex; a stimulus change that elicits respondent behaviour without any prior learning.

Front 494

Unpairing

Back 494

Two kinds: (a) the occurrence alone of a stimulus that acquired its function by being paired with an already effective stimulus, or (b) the occurrence of the stimulus in the absence as well as in the presence of the effective stimulus.

Front 495

Unscored-Interval IOA

Back 495

This equals (number of intervals of agreement on non-occurrence) / (intervals in which either or both observers recorded non-occurrence) * 100%

Front 496

Unscored-Interval IOA

Back 496

IOA index recommended for behaviours that occur at high rates

Front 497

Valid, Accurate

Back 497

Measurement that is ____________, ______________and Reliable yields the most trustworty and useful data for science and science based practices.

Front 498

Validity

Back 498

The extent to which dta obtained from measurement are directly relevant to the target behaviour of interest and to the reason(s) for measuring it

Front 499

Value-Altering Effect

Back 499

An alteration in the reinforcing effectiveness of a stimulus, object, or event as a result of a motivating operation.

Front 500

Variability

Back 500

How often and the extent to which multiple measures of behaviour yield different outcomes

Front 501

Variable Baseline

Back 501

Data points that do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values and do not suggest any clear trend.

Front 502

Variable Baseline

Back 502

The data points do not consistently fall within a narrow range of values, nor do they suggest any clear trend

Front 503

Variable Interval

Back 503

Schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable duration of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order

Front 504

Variable Ratio

Back 504

Schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement

Front 505

Variable-Interval DRO (VI-DRO)

Back 505

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at the end of intervals variable duration and delivered contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour during the interval

Front 506

Variable-Momentary DRO (VM-DRO)

Back 506

a DRO procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by varialbe amounts of time in random sequence, and delivered if the problem is not occurring at those times

Front 507

Variable-Time Schedule

Back 507

A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement.

Front 508

Verbal Behaviour

Back 508

Behaviour whose reinforcement is mediated by a listener. Encompasses the subject matter usually treated as language and topics such as thinking, grammar, composition, and understanding.

Front 509

Verification

Back 509

Demonstrates that prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced

Front 510

Verification

Back 510

One of three components of the experimental reasoning, or baseline logic, used in single-subject research designs; accomplished by demonstrating that the prior level of baseline responding would have remained unchanged had the independent variable not been introduced. Verifying the accuracy of the original prediction reduces the probability that some uncontrolled (confounding) variable was responsible for the observed change in behaviour.

Front 511

Visual Analysis

Back 511

Interpretation of graphically displayed data that is employed by behaviour analysts in a systematic form of examination

Front 512

Visual Graphic Analysis

Back 512

Behavior analyst typically use________________?

Front 513

Whole Interval

Back 513

A procedure that can be used to measure a continuous behaviour such as academic engagement.

Front 514

Withdrawal Design

Back 514

A term used by some authors as a synonym for A-B-A-B design; also used to describe experiemnts in which an effective treatment is sequenctially or partially withdrawn to promote the maintenance of behaviour change