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17 Cards in this Set

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The science in which tactics derived from the principles of behavior are applied to improve socially significant behavior and experimentation is used to identify the variables responsible for the improvement in behavior

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

The philosophy of a science of behavior; there are various forms of behaviorism.


(ie. methodological behaviorism, radical behaviorism)



Behaviorism

The assumption that the universe is a lawful and orderly place in which phenomena occur in relation to other events and not in a willy-nilly accidental fashion.

Determinism

The objective observation of the phenomena of interest; objective observations are "independent of the individual prejudices, tastes, and private opinions of the scientist...Results of empirical methods are objective in that they are open to anyone's observation and do not depend on the subjective belief of the individual scientist"

Empiricism

A carefully controlled comparison of some measure of the phenomenon of interest (the dep. var.) under two or more different conditions in which only one factor at a time (the ind. var.) differs from one condition to another

Experiment

A natural science approach to the study of behavior as a subject matter in its own right founded by B.F. Skinner (takes place in a lab setting)



Experimental Analysis of Behavior (EAB)

*rate of response as a basic dep. variable


*repeated or continuous measurement of clearly defined response classes


*within-subject experimental comparisons instead of group design


*visual analysis of graphed data instead of statistical inference


*emphasis on describing functional relations between behavior and controlling variables in the environment over formal theory testing

Methodological Features of E.A.B.

A fictitious or hypothetical variable that often tasks the form of another name for the observed phenomenon it claims to explain and contributes nothing to a functional account or understanding of the phenomenon...as explanations for why an organism behaves the way it does

Explanatory Fiction

A verbal statement summarizing the results of an experiment that describes the occurrence of the phenomena under study as a function of the operation of one or more specified change in one event (dep. var.) can be produced by manipulating another event (ind. var.) and that the change in the dep. var. was unlikely the result of confounding variables

Functional Relation

A presumed but unobserved process or entity

Hypothetical Construct

An approach to explaining behavior that assumes that a mental, or "inner" dimension exists that differs from a behavioral dimension and that phenomena in this dimension either directly cause or at least mediate some forms of behavior, if not all

Mentalism

A philosophical position that views behavioral events that cannot be publicly observed as outside the realm of science

Methodological Behaviorism

The practice of ruling out simple, logical explanations, experimentally or conceptually, before considering more complex or abstract explanations.

Parsimony

An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge should be continually questioned

Philosophic Doubt



A thoroughgoing form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts and feelings, in terms of controlling variables in the history of a person (ontogeny) and the species (phylogeny)

Radical Behaviorism

A) repeating conditions within an experiment to determine the reliability of effects and increase internal validity


B) repeating whole experiments to determine the generality of findings of previous experiments to other subjects, settings, and/or behaviors

Replication

A systematic approach to the understanding of natural phenomena (as evidenced by description, prediction, and control) that relies on determinism as its fundamental assumption, empiricism as its primary rule, experimentation as its basic strategy, replication as a requirement for believability, parsimony as a value, and philosophic doubt as its guiding conscience

Science