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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spinal Levels and sym ganglia for greater splanchnic, lesser splanchnic and least splanchnic never |
Celiac Ganglion- greater splanchnic (T5-9) Superior Mesenteric Gang- Lesser Splanchnic (T10-11) Inferior Mesenteric Gang- Least Splanchnic (T12-L2) |
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What, according to Sutherland, is the "Reciprocal tension Membrane"? Where is its caudal attachment? |
Dura Mater; S2 of sacrum, posterior superior aspect of spinal canal. |
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Where are all the fingers placed in the vault hold? |
Thumbs: crossing over, not touching, saggital suture Pointer: greater wing of sphenoid Middle: squamous of temporal Ring: Mastoid process Little: squamous of Occiput |
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what are enkephalins used for and where are they secreted? |
They are released in the dorsal horn of spinal column in response to serotonin to modulate pain |
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what med to give all patients who get stents? MOA? |
Clopidogrel, MOA: inhibits ADP mediated platelet aggregation |
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What things to Heparin vs LMWH inhibit or bind and enhance? |
Heparin: Binds/enhances ATIII LMWH: inhibits factor X |
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What do strepto and Uro Kinases activate? How is tPA different than them? |
S and U kinases activeate plasminogen to convert to plasmin to break up Fibrin clots (into d-dimer) tPA also activates plasminogen, but only if its bound to fibrin already. SO, tPA is is fibrin selective and only works on areas that are clotting |
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which anti arrhythmic is used only for Ventricular, and SVTs? |
Procainamide |
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Explain the mechanism of Inotropic drug class Glycosides? |
They inhibit the Na/K pump, which allows Na to build up in cardiac cells, which inhibits the Ca/Na exchange, which allows Ca to build up inter cellularly and cause increased inotropy |
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Name one SABA and one LABA |
SABA: Albuterol LABA: Salmeterol |
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What is carried in the Dorsal Column white matter? (Ant-Lat?) (Cort-Spi?) |
Dorsal Column: Prorioception, vibration, fine touch Anterolateral: Pain, Temp, crude touch CorticoSpinal: Motor |
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Which cranial nerves pass through the Jugular foramen? Through which foramina do V1-3 pass? |
CN 9,10,11 (Jugualar) V1- Superior Orb fissure V2- Rotundum V3- Ovale |
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G protein receptors are used in 3 of the 5 secondary messenger systems. (IP3, Cyclase and Ca-Calmodulin systems. But not Steroid or Tyr Kinase systems). They have alpha, beta and gamma subunits. Which subunit is responsible for determining if the system is inhibitory or stimulatory? |
Alpha |
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What two things directly activate PKC in the IP3 mechanism system? |
Ca and DAG; Ligand binds receptor. Receptor activates G protein, which activates PLC. PLC liberates IP3 and DAG from cell membrane. IP3 liberates Ca from ER and Ca and DAG directly stim PKC (which phosphorylates proteins to cause the cellular response) |
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Explain the G protein reaction that occurs after endothelia binds its receptor to facilitate smooth muscle contraction. (*what specifically activates the CaM kinases? |
*Conformational change in Calmodulin; Endothelia bids receptor, which activate the G protein. The G protein both allows Ca entry into cell as well as releases inner cell stores of Ca. Increased Ca in the cell binds to Calmodulin, which causes calmodulin to have a conformational change that eventually activates CaM Kinases, in this case myosin light chain kinase which acts on smooth muscle to cause contraction. |
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In the Hall Pike caloric test, what is being assessed and to which side should the nystagmus go in a healthy person with warm water irrigation in the right ear? |
Testing the health of the Labyrinth. Warm to the same side (right in this case) (Cold irrigated water will cause nystagmus to the contralateral side) |
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Where is the pathology in a non blind pt with pendulum nystagmus? What type of nystagmus if there is CVA at the medulla? |
Pendular: either blind or Optic chiasm (cervico)Medullary CVA: Downbeat vertical Pneumonic: Downbeat is Cervicomedualry and Upbeat is Branstem or Vermis.** Medulla is lower than Brainstem/Cerebellum. |
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Is the base or the helocotrema of the cochlea more sensitive to low frequencies? |
Base= Still, high frequencies Helicotrema: Compliant, low frequencies |
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What does the Rinne test detect, vs the Weber test? |
Rinne: Determines air vs Bone Conductance Webber: lateralizes |
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With conductive vs neuro hearing loss, which one will have Bone Conduction last longer than air conduction during Rinne test |
Condution will have better (longer) BONE conduction, which is abnormal. While Neuro will have a hard time hearing, but Air will still be better than bone as in normal hearing population |
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What type of muscle fibers (afferent and efferent) innervate the muscle responsible for detecting and protecting agaist overstitching our muscles? |
Efferent: Gamma fibers innervate muscle spindles. Afferent: Ia(dynamic) and II(static) |
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Does the GTO measure tension or length? |
GTO measure tension, preventing tendon rupture. Spindle fibers measure length, preventing muscle rupture |
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Between white and red muscle, which has more/higher: -capillaries -Oxidative ability -blood supply -SR -Myoglobin |
Red: -Capillaries/blood supply -Oxidative -Myoglobin White: -SR -glyucolitic
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