Bba

Front 1

personal goal of control

Back 1

determinded before movement planning

Front 2

movement plan

Back 2

plans trajectory by selecting the best move amongst many possible

Front 3

control theory goal

Back 3

create a motor commands (neural signals to contract agonist and antagonist muscles) that will bring hang to target (cause the trajectory plan to happen)

Front 4

feedforward controller

Back 4

process produces best guess at the motor command that will produce the planned movement, generates a signal to send to muscles

Front 5

sensory predictor

Back 5

the process that predicts the sensory outcome of the motor command (produces the corollary discharge)

Front 6

corollary discharge

Back 6

the prediction of the sensory feedback that should be generated, if that command is performed (product of sensory predictor)

Front 7

sensory feedback or reference

Back 7

the detection and processing of sensory information that arises as a movement is performed

Front 8

sensory comparator

Back 8

a hypothetical process that compares the prediction to the actual feedback

Front 9

error signal

Back 9

the difference between the prediction and the feedback

Front 10

basic control theory loop

Back 10

planned movement trajectory

feedforward controller

effector limb

sensory feedback

sensory comparator

Front 11

goal of methods of control movement

Back 11

to link brain anatomy and physiology to functional motor behaviour

Front 12

brain support structures

Back 12

skull

meninges (dura, arachoid, pia mater)

blood suppply

ventricles (CSF)

Front 13

pons superior olive (control)

Back 13

a relay between the ear and the primary auditory cortex

Front 14

thalamus (control)

Back 14

a sensory and motor relay station

Front 15

hypothalamus

Back 15

maintains body equilibrium by regulating endocrine system, regulates food, water, temperature, vascular system and reproduction

Front 16

cerebellum

Back 16

connects to cortex via cerebellar peduncle (pons)

Front 17

cerebrum

Back 17

grey matter - neuron and support cell bodies

white matter - axons, myelin, support cells

Front 18

basal ganglia

Back 18

five nuclei: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra

Front 19

limbic system

Back 19

amygdala - emotion and species typical behaviour

hippocampus - memory and spatial navigation

cingulate cortex - evaluation, decision making

hypothalamus - physiological experience of emotion

Front 20

six cortical layers

Back 20

1 - dendrites from deeper cell bodies

2 + 3 - small circular and pyramidal neurons whose axons project to other near and far cortical regions

4 - small pyramidal cells, sensory input from thalamus

5- large pyramidal cells

6- transition from grey to white matter

Front 21

primary motor cortex

Back 21

precentral gyrus

sends efferent motor signals to the spinal motor neuron pools

Front 22

premotor cortex and supplementary motor area (PMC and SMA)

Back 22

superior frontal gyrus to precentral gyrus

receives sensory information from parietal cortex, motor information from basal ganglia and cerebellus, sends signals to M1

involved in generation of motor command signal

Front 23

primary sensory cortex (S1)

Back 23

postcentral gyrus

Front 24

primary visual cortex (V1)

Back 24

receives visual information from eyes

Front 25

primary auditory cortex (A1)

Back 25

receives sounds information from ears

Front 26

parietal cortex

Back 26

integration of sensory information (visual, tactile, proprioceptive, and auditory) for attention, perception and action

damage leads to acquired disorders of attention, visual motor control, body and spatial awareness

Front 27

cortical spinal tract (CST)

Back 27

pyramidal tract

M1 sends signal to motor neuron pool via cortical spinal tract

pyramidal cells in layer 5 have axons that synapse onto alpha motor neuron pool at appropriate level of spinal cord

Front 28

3 methods of studying brain area contribution to motor performance

Back 28

lesion studies in humans and animals

activation studies in humans (imaging)

stimulation studies in animals

Front 29

lesion method of movement performance

Back 29

if brain area X is involved in motor performance, then damage to X will lead to movement impairment, the nature of the movement impairment may reveal that brain area's role in performance

Front 30

activation method of movement performance

Back 30

if brain area X is involved in movement performance, then area X will be more active when people perform a movement task than when they perform some other task

MRI and EEG

Front 31

stimulation method of movement performance

Back 31

stimulate a particular region of the cortex by applying a low voltage electrical signal and observe the resulting movement

Front 32

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Back 32

manipulate the function of a brain area in healthy research participants

1 measure or interfere with performance in real time

2 temporary lesion model

Front 33

premotor cortex (PMC) and supplementary motor area (SMA)

Back 33

generate motor command

receives sensory information from parietal cortex, motor information from basal ganglia and cerebellum, and send signal to M1

involved in generation of motor command signal in response to external (PMC) and internal (SMA) cues

Front 34

primary motor cortex (M1)

Back 34

generation and execution of motor command

sends efferent motor signals to the spinal motor neuron pool via cortical spinal tract

cortical motor neurons (pyramidal neurons) specify force

Front 35

premotor cortex (PMC) and primary motor cortex (M1)

Back 35

use sensory information about the position of the target to specify movement direction

neurons only fired if move intended

each neuron recorded from had its own preferred direction

Front 36

PMC and MI coding

Back 36

direction together

Front 37

M1 coding

Back 37

specify force/direction, send to muscles via CST

Front 38

jump trials

Back 38

people seamlessly adjust to the change in target position

single pulse TMS to parietal cortex at time the target jumps, interfering with updating

intact parietal cortex needed for sensory comparisons

Front 39

movement execution and basal ganglia

Back 39

depends on motor cortex and contributions from subcortical structures

Front 40

skeletomotor circuit of basal ganglia

Back 40

voluntary movements, balance and gait

Front 41

oculomotor circuit of basal ganglia

Back 41

eye movement control

Front 42

limbic circuit of basal ganglia

Back 42

emotion control and motivation

Front 43

prefrontal circuit of basal ganglia

Back 43

planning, persistence, memory, spatial ability

Front 44

basal ganglia

Back 44

critical for initiating movement, regulating movement force

function dependent of dopamine

Front 45

direct route of cortex function

Back 45

net cortical excitation, movement initiation and maintence, striatium inhibits the GPi

Front 46

indirect route of cortex function

Back 46

net cortical inhibition, striatium and STN excite the Gpi

stopping and stillness

Front 47

hypotonia

Back 47

reduction in the readiness to move

reduced resist to passive movement

slowness to initiate movement

Front 48

ataxia

Back 48

abnormal execution of multijoint move, lack coordination

Front 49

abasia

Back 49

loss of ability to maintain upright stance

Front 50

disdiadochokinesis

Back 50

inability to perform alternating moves

Front 51

intention tremor

Back 51

inability to stop movements without oscillating around end location

Front 52

spinocerebellum

Back 52

vermis and intermediate zone

receive somatosensory, vestibular, visual and auditory

sensory info arising from neck and trunk

send afferent and efferent information to cortex and to brainstem and spinal cord

involved in the control of balance and gait

Front 53

vestibulocerebellum

Back 53

flocculonodular lobe

receive sensory info from neck muscles, vestibular system and vision

sends info back to centers that control neck and eye muscles in brainstem

involved in balance control, vestibular reflexes, and eye movements

Front 54

cerebrocerebellum

Back 54

lateral cerebellar hemispheres

receive inputs from sensory and motor cerebral cortex

outputs return to cerebral cortex via dendate nuclei

involved in movement planning and execution

Front 55

intracortical neural pathway

Back 55

communitcate between cortical regions

Front 56

ascending neural pathway

Back 56

sensory from periphery to brain

Front 57

descending neural pathway

Back 57

motor from brain to muscles

Front 58

functionally mixed neural pathway

Back 58

each pathway receives information from somewhat diverse cortical areas and deposits information in diverse areas (spinal levels)

Front 59

general neural pathway

Back 59

regions recieve information from other areas and are likely not just relays, just processing

topographically organised, layered laterally information of touch to cortex

Front 60

crossed brain

Back 60

contralateral organization - each half responds to sensory stimulation from the contralateral side of body or controls musculature

decussations - crossings of sensory or motor fibers along the center of the nervous system

commissures - corpus collosum, largest axon tract carrying information

Front 61

intracortical connections

Back 61

interhemispheric connections - across corpus callosum to homotopic points

relatively short within lobe connections are formed by interneurons

direct cortico cortical ipsilateral connection - lobe to lobe

through thalamus radiations form cortico thalamic cortical routes

Front 62

ascending pathways

Back 62

carry sensory information (touch, proprioception, pain and temperature) from environment and body to brain

vision and somatosensation

Front 63

dorsal intracortical stream

Back 63

from V1 to the parietal cortex and motor areas of frontal cortex

important for processing targets for action, hand and eye

Front 64

ventral intracortical stream

Back 64

from V1 to the temporal lobe

important for recgonizing objects, faces, using vision to understand speech

Front 65

medial lemniscal ascending pathway

Back 65

large afferent fibers carry proprioception and touch information, ascends ipsilaterally, crosses in medulla

signals travel from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in the parietal lobe

Front 66

spinothalamic ascending pathway

Back 66

smaller afferent fibers carrying temperature and pain information, crosses at spinal level, ascend contralaterally

Front 67

spinocerebellar tracts

Back 67

carry mostly proprioceptive infor from the periphery to the ipsilateral cerebellar cortices

Front 68

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Back 68

lower body, large 1a and 1b afferent synapse on neurons in Clarks column

upper limb information joints the dorsal CST superior to Clark's column cervical level projection ipsilateral lower and upper

Front 69

ventral and rostral spinocerebellar tracts

Back 69

carry proprioceptive information from 1b GTOs and smaller muscle type 2 afferents

ventral CST carries lower limb

rostral CST carries upper limb

Front 70

descending pathways

Back 70

carry motor commands for voluntary control to relevant alpha motor neuron pools in spinal cord

carry motor commands that modify reflex action at spinal level

Front 71

cortical spinal tract

Back 71

pyramidal tract

60% from pyramidal cells in the frontal cortex

40% from parietal cortex

most fibers cross midline at medullary decussations, form lateral CST

project to many different neurons in spinal cord

Front 72

rubrospinal tract

Back 72

regulate voluntary control

crosses the midline in the midbrain

branches to interposed nucleus in cerebellum

descends in the lateral column to cervical levels

interacts with cerebellum to regulate limb coordination around joints

lesions has no effect on balance/gait

Front 73

tectospinal tract

Back 73

originates in the superior and inferior colliculi

crosses the midline in the midbrain

descends medially

innervates neck muscles so that they can respond to alerting visual and auditory stimuli in environment

Front 74

vestibulospinal tract

Back 74

originates in the lateral and medial vestibular nuclei

axons descend ipsilaterally in the ventrolateral columns of the spinal cord

control neck and trunk muscles involved in keeping head and body upright

Front 75

posture

Back 75

ability to control our body's position in space for the purpose of maintain orientation and stability

Front 76

postural orientation

Back 76

ability to maintain the relationship between body segments and between the body and the environment

Front 77

postural stability

Back 77

our ability to keep the centre of mass (COM) within the limits of our base of support (BOS)

COM is a point that is at the centre of the total body mass

COG- centre of gravity, the vertical projection of center of mass down to floor

Front 78

centre of pressure (COP)

Back 78

center of distribution of forces applied to the support surface (force plate)

Front 79

base of support

Back 79

area of the body that is in contact with the support system

Front 80

stability limits

Back 80

refer to the boundaries within which the body can maintain stability without changing the base of support, combined COM velocity and position possible without need to change the BOS

Front 81

feedback postural control

Back 81

compensatory or reactive postural responses

sensory feedback from unexpected perturbations triggers postural responses

Front 82

feedforward postural control

Back 82

anticipatory postural control

postural responses are made prior to voluntary movement that in order to maintain stability during the movement

Front 83

quite stance postural control

Back 83

body alignment: ideal alignment requires the least amount of energy

postural tone: activity in antigravity postural muscles increases to counteract the gravity

Front 84

ankle strategy

Back 84

distal to proximal muscle activation pattern

body sways at ankles with hips and knees in relatively extended

response to small perturbation and support platform firm

Front 85

hip strategy

Back 85

bigger perturbation, more metabolic energy

proximal muscles activated first

produces large, rapid motion at hip joint

used for standing on narrow BOS on soft surface

Front 86

stepping strategy

Back 86

natural response

older adults more frequently step than younger adults

Front 87

anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs)

Back 87

postural shifts that happen just before you perform voluntary movements

based on your predictions about what consequence of voluntary movement will be

postural muscles activated

Front 88

sensory contributions to balance

Back 88

CNS processes information from sensory receptos throughout the body to determine the body's position in space (vision, somatosensory, vestibular system)

Front 89

walking

Back 89

a process of falling forward and catching oneself

Front 90

gait

Back 90

the manner in which a person walks characterized by rhythm, cadence, step, stride, and speed

unique to individual

Front 91

stance

Back 91

interval for foot of reference to be in contact with ground

Front 92

swing

Back 92

interval foot is off ground

Front 93

stride

Back 93

distance of a full gait cycle

Front 94

step

Back 94

distance from heal strike of one foot to that of other foot

Front 95

speed

Back 95

stride length and cadence

Front 96

visual form agnosia

Back 96

an inability to use vision to determine shape

can recognize by touch, hearing by not vision, sees free floating patches, can't see edges and form, problem with perception, not with memory

Front 97

optic ataxia

Back 97

an inability to use vision to determine location and size for reaching and grasping

can reach to targets defined by hearing or touch

can judge the size and shape of targets

Front 98

lateral intraparietal sulcus

Back 98

tracks where target is on retina

Front 99

ventral intraparietal sulcus

Back 99

tracks where target is with respect to the head

Front 100

medial intraparietal sulcus

Back 100

tracks where a target is located with respect to current hand position

Front 101

anterior intraparietal sulcus

Back 101

tracks target size for grasping

Front 102

time to peak velocity (TPV)

Back 102

ballistic stage that depends entirely the planned motor command

Front 103

time after peak velocity (TAPV)

Back 103

all time people spend decelerating towards target, sensory feedback used to update and improve movement, 55% of movement, almost always longer

Front 104

grasp

Back 104

using object size/weight information to determine grip size, grip type, grip force