B&b The Cells Of The Nervous System

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Cells of the Nervous System

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1. Neurons (send and receive messages)

2. Glia (support cells of the nervous system)

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Neurons

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work in unison to produce functions

structure is constantly changing (essence of plasticity)

have tremendous longevity (most last a lifetime, never being replaced)

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Atoms are

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the smallest quantity of an element

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Atomic nucleus contains

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neutrons (neutral in charge)

protons (positive in charge)

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Electrons orbit

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the nucleus

carry a negative charge

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an atom with a charge either positive or negative is an

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ion

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molecules form when

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atoms bind together

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Neuron Structure like other cells

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cell body

membrane

cytoskeleton

organelles

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neuron structure unique to neurons

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dendrites

axons

axon terminals

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cell body

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similar organelles (internal parts of the cell) and similar functions as other cell types

location of some neuronal input (receives messages)

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Organelles

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nucleus (contains chromosomes and genes)

endoplasmic reticulum [ER] (folded layers of membrane where proteins are assembled

golgi apparatus ( packages proteins for transport)

mitochondria (gathers, stores and releases energy

lysosomes (contains enzymes that break down waste

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the cell membrane

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separates the cell's intracellular space from extracellular fluid

double layered structure

phosphate heads (hydrophilic)

lipid [fatty] tails (hydrophobic)

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semi-permeable cell membrane

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regulates movement in and out of cell

proteins embedded within the membrane

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cell membrane movement is regulated by

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diffusion (passive): no doors

ion channels (passive): open doors

gated ion channels (passive): locked doors

pumps (active): revolving doors

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ion channels

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passive

open doors

different sizes allow different ions in

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gated ion channels

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passive

locked doors

voltage or chemical (ligand) dependent

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ion pumps

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active

revolving doors

require a lot of energy

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the cytoskeleton is comprised of 3 components

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microtubules

neurofilaments

microfilaments

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microtubules

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highway system

anterograde (cell body to axon terminal)

retrograde (axon terminal to cell body)

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neurofilaments

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skeletal system

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microfilaments

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scaffolding

helps dendrites and axons change their shape and size

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neuron

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information travels from head to toe

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dendrites

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input zone

receives info from other neurons

hair of stick figure

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dendritic spines

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bumps on the dendrites

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post-synaptic sites

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receiving end of the synapse

contains receptors (specialized proteins in the membrane that bind neurotransmitter)

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the axon

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one axon per neuron

can vary in speed of transmission (the thicker the faster; insulating axons [myelin]=faster transmission)

can vary in length (short local axons; long projection axons)

divided into many branches to allow for communication with many cells (can have multiple feet to our stick figure)

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Axon hillock

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integration zone

tapered segment of axon between the cell body and axon (neck of stick figure)

messages start at the axon hillock

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the axon conduction zone

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myelin = axon insulation (allows for faster more efficient signaling)

nodes of ranvier = unmyelinated segments of the axon

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the axon terminal

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output zone

pre-synaptic portion of the synapse (sending end of the synapse)

filled with neurotransmitter

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morphological variations of neurons

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multipolar neurons = one axon, many dendrites

bipolar neurons = one axon, one dendrite

unipolar neurons = a single branch in 2 directions (one input zone, one output zone)

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flow of information of neuron

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functional variations in neurons

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sensory neurons: receive inputs via sense organs and sense receptors

motor neurons: send outputs via muscles and glands

interneurons: bridge between sensory and motor neurons allowing for modulations (changes, refinements)

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Glia

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support cells of the nervous system

10-50 glia per neuron

Big= macroglia

Small= microglia

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3 types of macroglia

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astrocytes

oligodendrocytes

schwann cells

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astrocytes

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star shaped

multiple functions (structural support, nutritional support, blood-brain barrier[keeps things in the blood out of the brain], surround the synapse, clean-up)

can be harmful in injury (glia scar)

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oligodendrocytes

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make myelin in the central nervous system (CNS = brain and spinal chord)

functions include (myelinate many axons = 15 on average, structural support)

not involved in regrowth following injury

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schwann cells

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makes myelin in the peripheral nervous system [PNS includes everywhere but the brain and spinal chord]

functions include (myelinate 1 axon segment (many schwann cells needed to myelinate 1 axon))

is involved in regrowth after injury

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microglia

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immune cells of the brain

clean-up

can be pro-survival or pro-inflammatory (2 faces of microglia)