Basic Terms And Concepts For Mechanical Ventilation

Front 1

Acinus

Back 1

The smallest division of a gland

A subdivision of the lung consisting of the tissue distal to a terminal bronchiole including respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, and all other structures within

Front 2

Airway opening pressure

Back 2

Paow; pressure at the nose and mouth

Front 3

Airway pressure

Back 3

Paw, Pm

Front 4

Alveolar distending pressure

Back 4

The pressure difference between the inside of the lung and the outside of the lung

Hint 4

Responsible for maintaining alveolar inflation; transpulmonary pressure

Front 5

Ascites

Back 5

An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal space

Front 6

Auto-PEEP

Back 6

Intrinsic PEEP

Front 7

Bronchopleural fistulas

Back 7

A hole or opening between the lung and pleural space producing an air communication between the two

Front 8

Compliance (C)

Back 8

The relative ease with which the structure distends

Hint 8

Opposite or inverse of Elastance

C=1/e or e=1/C

Front 9

Critical opening pressure

Back 9

The pressure required to open a collapsed lung unit

Front 10

Elastance (e)

Back 10

The tendency of a structure to return to its original form after being stretched or acted on by an outside force. Elastance is the inverse of Compliance.

Hint 10

e=1/C

Front 11

Esophageal pressure

Back 11

Pressure measured from a balloon placed in the esophagus; used to estimate pressure in the pleural space

Front 12

External Respiration

Back 12

The movement of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar capillary membrane

Front 13

Extrinsic PEEP

Back 13

Postive end-expiratory pressure applied by the operator

Front 14

Functional residual capacity

Back 14

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of normal exhalation

Front 15

Heterogeneous

Back 15

Reproduction that differs from one generation to the next

Hint 15

Asexual generation

Front 16

High-frequency jet ventilation

Back 16

operates by using a nozzle or in injector, which creates a high-velocity jet of air directed into the lungs Exhalation is passive.

Hint 16

uses rates between about 100 and 400 to 600 breaths/min

Front 17

High-frequency oscillatory ventilation

Back 17

HFOV ventilators use either a small piston or a device similar to a stereo speaker, both of which deliver gas in a "to-and-fro" motion, pushing gas in during inspiration and drawing gas out during exhalation

Hint 17

Uses rates into the thousands.
rates upto about 4000 cycles/min

Front 18

High-frequency positive pressure ventilation

Back 18

High frequency ventilation that employs a conventional positive pressure set at high respiratory rates with lower than normal tidal volumes

Hint 18

RR 60-100 breaths/min

Front 19

Homogeneous

Back 19

Comprising similar parts or elements

Front 20

Internal respiration

Back 20

The movement of O2 and CO2 between the cells and the blood

Front 21

Intrinsic PEEP

Back 21

(iPEEP) Auto-PEEP or inadvertent PEEP that is not set by the operator but results in a build-up of exhalation

Hint 21

commonly caused by high minute ventilation settings, particularly in the presence of airway obstruction, which result in incomplete exhalation of an inspired volume

Front 22

Mouth pressure

Back 22

(Pm) Pressure at the upper airway (mouth);

Hint 22

also referred to as airway opening pressure (Paow), upper airway pressure, airway pressure (Paw), mask pressure, or proximal airway pressure

Front 23

Peak Airway pressure

Back 23

The highest pressure achieved during inspiration on positive pressure ventilation

Hint 23

also called peak inspiratory pressure, and peak pressure

Front 24

Plateau pressure

Back 24

A pressure measurement taken during positive pressure ventilation after a breath has been delivered to the patient and before exhalation has begun. A condition of no flow exists, reflecting the pressure in the lungs and patient circuit

Front 25

Pressure gradient

Back 25

A pressure difference between two points; one pressure being higher than the other

Front 26

Proximal airway pressure

Front 27

Resistance

Back 27

Frictional forces associated with ventilation due to the anatomical structure of the conductive airways and the resistance to gas flow through the airways, and the tissue viscous resistance of the lungs and adjacent tissues and organs as the lungs expand and contract

Front 28

Respiration

Back 28

The movement of gas molecules across a membrane

Front 29

Static compliance/static effective compliance

Back 29

Compliance measurement done under conditions of no gas flow. compliance is equal to a volume change divided by a pressure change.

Front 30

Time constant

Front 31

Transairway pressure

Back 31

The difference between airway pressure and alveolar pressure

Front 32

Transthoracic pressure

Back 32

the difference between alveolar pressure and body surface pressure

Hint 32

also called trans-chest wall pressure

Front 33

Transpulmonary pressure

Back 33

The difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure

Front 34

Transrespiratory pressure

Back 34

The difference between airway opening and body surface pressure (Ptr=Pawo - Pbs)

Front 35

Upper airway pressure

Front 36

Ventilation

Back 36

The movement of air into and out of the lungs