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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Primary Lymphoid Organs
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bone marrow and thymus
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs
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lymphnodes and spleen
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Key cells found in the bone marrow
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B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, nuettrophils, eosiniphils, mast cells (& antibody secreting plasma cells reside here)
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function of the thymus
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1. reception of pro-T-cells from the bone marrow and prolifieration of T cell precursors
2. Maturation and selection of antigen-specific T cells 3. Selective release of cells into the peripheral blood |
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functions of spleen
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-filtering system for blood
-source of blood plasma to the lymph -staging area for immune reactive cells |
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functions of lymph node
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-reservoir for lymphocytes and APC
-filters lymph and traps infectious agents -provides scafolding that organizes cellular interactions |
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macrophage functions
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-phagocytosis
-source of autolytic enzymes -synthesis of : compliment components, trensferrin, monokines (IL-1,6,10,12,TNFalpha,G-CSF) -participation in fatty acid and cholesterol synth -antigen presenting cell |
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instrumental in resistance to bacterial infections
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neutrophils
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elevated during parasitic infections
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eosinophil
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functions of mast cells
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-clearance of pathogens by phagocytosis and anti-microbial peptides
-promotes allergic reactions (receptors for IgE) -promote collagen synthesis by fibroblasts |
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these cells are 1000 times more effecient than macrophages in presenting antigen to T cells
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dendritic cells
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Purposes of Innate Immunity (3)
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-provide first line defense against infection
-provides a 'danger' threshold -sets the stage for the aquired immune response |
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Main cells involved in innate response
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-macrophages
-dendritic cells -NK cells |
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Main cells involved with adaptive immune response
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T and B cells
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Important surface pattern recognition receptor
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TLR
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Important soluble pattern recognition receptor
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Complement system, LPS binding protient, Collectins, Pentraxins
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Three basic domains of receptors on immune cells
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(1) Ligand binding domain (outside of cell wall)
(2) transmembrane domain (anchors molecule to cell membrane) (3) cytoplasmic domain (contains domains that interact with other protiens) |
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Which human TLRs will be involved in signaling for a bacterial insult?
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TLR1/2, TLR2/6, TLR4, TLR9, TLR5
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Which human TLRs will be involved in response viral insult?
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TLR3, TLR7/8, TLR9
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Adaptors "react" with TLRs to signal for :
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cytonkines (usually inflammatory) and TypeI IFN but depends on TLR type
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NOD-like receptors are found _____ and recogize ______-derived molecules
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found in the cytoplasm and recogize bacteria derived molecules
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RIG-like Helicases are found in the _____ and recognize _____?
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found in cytoplasm and recogize viral nulceic acids
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These cells carry (3) carry the highest level of innate receptors
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Dendritic, Macrophages, and B cells
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What happens when a cell is activated through its innate receptor system?
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(1) Change in number and composition of molecules expressed at surface of cell (Class II MHC and costimulatory molecules)
(2) Expression of cytokines |
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What happens when the compliment system is activated?
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-triggers inflammation
-attracts phagocytic cells -promotes phagocytosis -directly attacks cell membranes |
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3 Activation pathways for compliment system?
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(1) Lectin Pathway (mannose binding ligand)
(2) Classical pathway (IgG, IgM, pentraxins) (3) Alternative (microbe membrane) |
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What is Cluster of Differentiation?
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protocol used for identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on white blood cells
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T cells recognize antigen in the context of this type of molecule.
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MHC molecules
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When is IgE normally elevated
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parasitic infections and allergic reactions
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Most abundant Ig in serum
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IgG1
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These Igs are used as receptors in naive B cells
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IgM (monomers not pentamers) and IgD
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How many isotype of IgG?
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4
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Only class of Ig that is effeciently transported across placenta.
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IgG (higher concentration in fetus than in mother! provides 5-6 months of protection for new born)
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Where is IgA found?
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in secretions like saliva, colostrum, tears, fluids of mucus membranes
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***Utility of Endoscopy for Dysphagia?****
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-offers therapeutic dilation (stretches the esophagus)
-IDs complications/maligs -find/remove foreign bodies -***LITTLE utility when a motility disorder is suspected - do a barium study first!**** |
When a motility disorder is suspected, what work-up is always done first??
Ba Study |
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T/F: IgM occurs as a dimer?
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FALSE: found as a pentamer or monomer (as surface receptor)
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Ig\alpha Ig/beta are?
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Accesorry protiens that help Igs signal (CD79a and CD79b)
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Names of the chains on the TCR?
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alpha and beta chains
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T/F: TCR looks almost exactly like an fab?
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True
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Are Inorganic chemcials immunogenic in general?
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No, carbon based units are much more so.
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Characteristics that dictate immunogenticty
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Checmical nature, Size, Complexity, Conformation
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What is the most immunogenic - protiens, lipids, sugars, or nucleic acids?
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Protiens
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What is an epitope?
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The part of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system. Antigenic determinant.
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T/F: B cells recognize linear and conformational epitopes associated with intact molecules
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True. This is important to know for vaccine development
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T/F: T cells recognize conformational epitopes
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False. T cells only recognize linear peptides presented by MHC
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Affinity
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Strength of interaction or binding between a single binding site and a single epitope
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Avidity
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Takes into consideration both affinity and valence. "functional affininty"
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exon
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protien encoding region of a gene
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T/F: Light chain ot TCR alpha chains have genes from VD and J.
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False. Heavy and Beta chains have VD and J but light/alpha have only V and J.
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Signature IGs on surface of immature B cell.
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IgM and IgD
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What do RAG genes do?
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RAG enzymes cut DNA to randomly add and delete nucleotides at random (helps add diversity)
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What happens to mutant mice without RAG?
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DO not rearrange Ig or TCR genes and do not produce B and T cells.
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How do we generate (primary) antibody diversity?
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-Mulitple germline (VDJ) genes to choose from
-Addition and deletion of nucleotides at junctions -random heavy and light chain pairing |
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Which cells have Class II MHC?
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macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, thymic stromal cells, and (activated) T cells
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Three requirements for a cell to function as an APC for CD4+ T cells
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1. express class II MHC
2. ability to process antigen 3. Deliver a second signal |
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how many class I and II does each individual inherit from their parents?
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6 of each.
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CD4+ recognizes peptides in the context of Class __ MHC? What about CD8+ ones?
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Class II --> CD4+
Clas I --> CD8+ |
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Which class of genes encode MHC molecules?
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HLA
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What cytokines are induced by TNF?
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IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
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What happens when TNFalpha is produced in large amounts?
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-results in pathology.
-acts on hypothalamus to induce fever -acts on hepatocytes to induce acute phase response |
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These ILs cause fever?
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IL1, IL6, and TNF
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Order the following by their induction during an immune repsonse.
(IL-12,IL-1,IL-6,TNF) |
TNF->IL-1->IL-6->IL-12
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