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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
**Human Movement System |
The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system |
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**Nervous System |
A conglomeration of billions of cells specially designed to provide a communication network within the body |
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**Sensory function |
The ability of the nervous system to sense changes in either the internal or external environment |
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**Integrative function |
The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret sensory info to allow for proper decision making, |
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**Motor function |
The neuromuscular response to the sensory information |
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**Proprioception |
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense body position and limb movement |
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**Neuron |
The functional unit of the nervous system |
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**Sensory (afferent) Neurons |
Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites (such as muscles and organs) via receptors to the brain and spinal cord. |
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**Interneurons |
Transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another |
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**Motor (efferent) neurons |
transmit nerve impluses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites |
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**Central nervous system |
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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**Peripheral Nervous System |
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Consists of nerves that serve the outer areas of the body and skeletal muscles and largely responsible for voluntary control of movement. |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Supplies neural input to the involuntary systems of the body |
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**Mechanoreceptors |
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in the body tissues |
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**Muscle spindles |
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and the rate that change |
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**Golgi Tendon Organs |
Receptors sensitive to change in tension of the muscles and the rate of that change |
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**Joint Receptors |
Receptors surrounding a joint that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration of the joint. |
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**Skeletal System |
*the body's framework, composed of bones and joints *supports, protects, allowing bodily movements producing blood for the body, and storing minerals. |
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**Bones |
Provide a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs |
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**Joints |
Junctions of bones, muscles, and connective tissue at which movement occurs. Also known as articulation. |
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**Axial Skeleton |
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. |
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**Appendicular Skeleton |
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the upper and lower extremities. |
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**Remodeling |
The process of resorption and formation of bone. |
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**Osteoclasts |
A type of bone cell that removes bone tissue |
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**Osteoblasts |
A type of cell that is responsible for bone formation |
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Types of Bones |
Long bones- long cylindrical shaft and irregular or widened ends(humerus, femur) Short bones- similar in length and width and appear somewhat cubical in shape (carpals and tarsals) Flat- Thin, protective (scapulae, patella) Irregular- Unique shape and function (vertebrae) Sesamoid- Small often round bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint (Patella) |
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**Epiphysis |
The end of long bones, which is mainly composed of cancellous bone, and house much of the red marrow involved in red blood cell production. They are also one of the primary sites for bone growth. |
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**Diaphysis |
The shaft of the long bone. |
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**Epiphyseal Plate |
The region of long bone connecting the diaphsis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of diaphysis occurs. |
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**Periosteum |
A dense membrane composed of fibrous connective tissue that closely wraps (invests) all bone, except that of the articulating surfaces in joints, which are covered by a synovial membrain |
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**modullar cavity |
the central cavity of bone shafts where marrow is stored. |
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**Articular (hyaline) cartilage |
Cartilage that covers the articular surface of the bones. |
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Sesamoid Bones |
Small bones embedded in a joint capsule or found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint. Serves to improve leverage and protect the joint from damage |
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**Depressions |
Flattened or indented portions of bone, which can be muscle attachment sites |
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**Processes |
Projections protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach. |
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**Vertebral column |
A series of 24 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord. |
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Cervical spine |
C1-7. Flexible framework that provides support and motion for the head |
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Thoracic Spine |
T1-12 Move with the ribs to form the rear anchor of the rib cage. Larger that cervical and increase in size from top to bottom. |
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Lumbar Spine |
L1-5. Supports most of the body's weight and attached to many of the back muscles. |
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Sacrum |
Triangular bone located below the lumbar spine |
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Coccyx |
Located below the sacrum, more commonly known as the tailbone. |
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Neutral spine |
The optimal arrangement of curves |
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Posterior cervical curvature |
posterior concavity of the c spine |
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Anterior thoracic curvature |
posterior convexity of the T spine |
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Posterior lumbar curvature |
posterior concavity of the lumbar spine |
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**Arthrokienmatics |
Joint motion. Roll (femur over tibia during a squat), slide (tibialal condyle across the femoral condyle during knee extension) or spin (radius and humerus during pronation and supination of the forearm) |
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**Synovial Joints |
*Joints that are held together by a joint capsule and ligaments and are most associated with movement in the body *80% of all joints *greatest capacity for motion |
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**Nonsynovial Joints |
*Joints that do not have a joint cavity, connective tissue, or cartilage. *Little to no movement *Skull, tibia, fibula, pubic bones |
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Gliding |
*No Axis of rotation; moves by sliding side-to-side or back and forth *carpals of the hand |
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Condyloid |
*Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane *Knee |
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Hinge |
*Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal) *Elbow |
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Saddle |
*One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, joint of thumb frontal) *Only carpometacarpal |
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Pivot |
*Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (transverse) *Radioulnar |
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Ball and Socket |
*Most mobile of joints; moves in all three planes *shoulder |
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**Ligaments |
Primary connective tissue that connects bone together and provides stability, input to the nervous system, guidance, and the limitation of improper joint movement. |
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Collagen |
primary protein in a ligament giving it the ability to withstand tension |
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Elastin |
Secondary protein in a ligament giving it flexibility and the ability to recoil. |
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Best exercise to strengthen bones |
weight bearing exercise |
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**Muscular System |
Series of muscles that moves the skeleton |
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Three types of muscles |
Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
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Muscle |
Bundle of fibers held together by connective tissue
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**Epimysium |
A layer of connective tissue that is underneath the fascia and surrounds the muscle. Also connected to the bone to help form the tendon. |
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**Perimysium |
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicle or group of individual fibers |
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**Endomysium |
he deepest layer of connective tissue that surrounds individual muscle fibers |
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**Tendons |
Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force. |
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**Sarcomere |
The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin |
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**Sarcolemma |
Plasma membrane encasing muscle fibers, sarcoplasm, nuclei, and mitochondria which transfer energy fro food into energy. |
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**Sarcoplasm |
Cellular plasma containing glycogen, fats, minerals, and oxygen binding myoglobin. |
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Myofibrils |
contain myofilaments that are the actual contractile components of muscle tissue |
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Actin |
String like filaments |
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Myosin |
Thick filaments |
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Tropomyosin |
Blocks myosin binding sites located on the actin filament, keeping myosin from attaching while the muscle is relaxed. |
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Troponin |
provides binding sites on the actin for both calcium and tropomyosin when a muscle needs to contract. |
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**Neuaral activation |
*The contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation. *The communication link between the nervous system and the muscular system. |
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Neuromuscular junction |
Specialized synapse connecting CNS and muscle fibers. |
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Action Potentials |
Electrical impulses transported from the CNS down the axon of the neuron. |
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**Neurotransmitters |
Chemical messengers released when impulse crosses the synapse between the neuron and muscle fiber reaches the end of the axon of the neuron. |
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**Motor Unit |
A motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates |
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Acetylcholine |
Neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system. |
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Excitation-contraction coupling |
the process of neural stimulation creating a muscle contraction |
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Single motor units contain.. |
one motor neuron (nerve) and the muscle fibers it innervates |
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muscle fiber types |
Type I- Slow twitch Type II- Fast twitch |
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**Type I-Slow twitch |
Contain a large number of capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin which allows for improved delivery of oxygen |
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**Type II- Fast twitch |
Type IIa- contain fewer capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin but fatigue slower that IIx Type IIx- low oxidatice capacity (use oxygen and fatigue quickly.) |
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**Agonist muscles |
*prime movers *petoralis major durign chest press, deltoid during overhead press, latissimus dorsi during row, gluteus maximus and quadriceps during squat |
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**Synergist muscle |
*Assist prime movers *Anterior deltoid and triceps during chest press, triceps during overhead press, posterior deltoid and biceps during row, hamstring complex during squat |
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**Stabilizer muscle |
*Stabilize while prime mover and synergist work *Rotator cuff during chest press, overhead press, and row; transversus abdominis during squat |
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**Antagonist |
*Oppose prime mover *Posterior deltoid during chest press, Latissimus dorsi during overhead press, pectoralis major during row, psoas during squat |
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Endocrine system |
System of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate a variety of bodily functions, including the control of mood, growth and development, tissue function and metabolism |
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Primary Endocrine glands |
Hypothalamus (Link between hormone activity and central nervous system) pituitary (master gland) thyroid (regulates metabolim) adrenal(secrete hormones in response to stress) |
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glucose |
Primary energy source during exercise regulated by the pancreas Too little inhibits performance Too much can damage the vascular system |
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Pancreas |
produces insulin and glucagon |
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Insulin |
*Helps regulate energy and glucose metabolism *Response to elevated levels of glucose *Binds to receptors in skeletal muscles and liver cells make it permeable to glucose. |
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Glucogon |
*With insulin, helps regulate glucose levels *Opposite effect of insulin *raises blood glucose levels by triggering the release of glycogen stores from the liver *A drop in blood glucose levels triggers the release of glucagon from the pancreas. *more specific effect, stimulating the liver to convert its glycogen stores back to glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream. |
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Catecholamines |
*Epinephrine and norepinephrine *Hormones produced by the adreanal glands which are situated on top of each kidney. *Prepare the body for activity *stress response known as fight or flight *Hypothalamus triggers the adrenal glands to secrete more epinephrine. |
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How Catecholamines effect exercise |
*Increases heart rate and stroke volume *Elevates blood glucose levels *Redistributes blood to working tissues *Opens up airways |
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Testosterone |
*Produced by the testes in males and a small amount by the ovaries by females. *Men produce up to ten times as much as women *development of facial and body hair and greater muscle mass. *Growth and repair of tissue |
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Estrogen |
*Produced by the ovaries in females and a small amount by the adrenals in men. *Women of reproductive ages produce much more than men *Development of breast and regulation of the menstrual cycle. *Influence on fat deposition around the hips, buttocks, and thighs |
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Cortisol |
*A catabolic hormone (breaks down tissue) *During stress, it's produced by the adrenals *Maintains energy supply through breakdown of carbs, fats, and protein *Breakdown of tissue occurs during times of stress, poor sleep, and inadequate nutrition. |
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Growth Hormone |
*released from the pituitary gland and regulated near the hypothalamus *stimulated by estrogen, testosterone, deep sleep, and vigorous exercise. *Anabolic hormone (tissue builder) *Increases bone, muscle, protein synthesis fat burning, and immune function |
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Thyroid Hormones |
*responsible for metabolism, basal metabolic rate, protein synthesis, sensitivity to epinephrine, heart rate, breathing rate and body temp. *regulated by the pituitary gland |
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**Steps in the initiation of a contraction |
1. ACh released, binding to receptors 2. Action potential reaches T tubule 3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases CA^2+ 4. Active siteexposure cross-bridge binding 5. Contraction begins |
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**Steps that end a contraction |
6. ACh removed by AChE 7. Sarcoplasmic reticulum recaptures Ca^2+ 8. Active tires covered, no cross bridge interation 9. Contraction ends 10. Relaxation occurs, passive return to resting length |