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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the clinical significance of basal ganglia disorders?
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They affect all of the parallel loops (motor, orbitofrontal, prefrontal and limbic)
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purposeless, involuntary extrapyramidal movement
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Dyskinesia
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slowed movements
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Bradykinesia
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What type of moves are typified by Parkinson disease?
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Hypokinetic
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What type of movemements are typified by Huntington disease?
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Hyperkinetic
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Characterized by random, quick, jerky movements involving the proximal and distal extremities, face, tongue or head' fidgets
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Chorea
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slow, sinuous, aimless movements of the extremities (distal portions); Muscles of face, neck, and tongue may be affected with grimacing, protrusion and writhing of the tongue, and difficulty in speaking and swallowing
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Athetosis
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a combination of choreiform and athetoid movements
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Choreoathetosis
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violent failing movements involving proximal more than distal parts of the limbs
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Ballismus
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abnormal sustained movement or posture due to a disturbance of muscle tone in agonists and antagonists
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Dystonia
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What type of tremor is typical of Parkinsonism?
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Resting
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What type of tremor is typical of a cerebellar tremor?
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Intention
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sudden, brief, intermittent, involuntary repetitive spasmodic movements that occur in an irregular fashion and resemble volitional movements or sounds
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Tics
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What are tics typical of?
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Tourette's syndrome
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(from the Gk, meaning unable to sit sill) refers to a feeling of inner restlessness, which is relieved by moving about
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Akathsia
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What part of the SN axons project to the striatum?
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SNc
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What part of the SN axons project to the thalamus?
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SNr
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Lenticular nucleus
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Globus pallidus and Putamen
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What produces the melanin?
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SNc
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SN adjacent to the tegmentum
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SNc
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SN adjacent to crus cerebri
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SNr
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What is the SNr morphologically similar to?
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GPi (Both send axons out to thalamus)
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Striatum
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Putamen and Caudate
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The essential point of how everything is controlled
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Striatum (Putamen and Caudate)
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Everything out of the striatum and pallidium is what? (inhib or excitatory?)
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Inhibitory
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Neurons coming out of the thalamus are inhib or exic?
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Excitatory
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Where are the CB of the cholinergic neuron found?
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Stiatum
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Through what nucleus does the indirect pathway travel?
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STN (Subthalamic nucleus)
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Where does dopamine come from?
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SNc (Go to striatum)
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What makes up the striatum?
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Caudate, Putamen and Nucleus Accumbens
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Where does dopamine synthesis occur and where are their CB?
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Nerve endings of dopaminergic neurons whose CD are in the SNc
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What contains over 80% of the brain's dopamine?
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Striatum
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What type of receptors are D1?
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Excitatory (neurons become depolarized)
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Pharmaceutical agents (drugs) that increase dopaminergic activity or activate D1 receptors produce what?
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hyperkinesia
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What type of receptors are D2?
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Inhibitory (neurons become hyperpolarized)
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Pharmaceutical agents that produce D2 blockade (prevent hyperpolarization of the striatal cells) may induce what?
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parkinsonism
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What is the direct loop?
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Excitatory
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What is the indirect loop?
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Inhibitory
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What does the indirect loop involve?
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Subthalamic nucleus and GPe
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What is the hyperdirect loop effect?
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Inhibitory
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What does the hyperdirect loop involve?
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STN
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What improves mobility in parkinsonian patients?
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Anitcholinergic agents
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What produces Ach?
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Basal nucleus of Maynard (helps with memory as well)
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Where do the anticholinergic agents act?
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Blocks the receptors in the striatum (inhibits and inhibitory neuron = excitation)
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What does dopamine act on to excite a pathway?
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D1 receptor = excites an excitatory pathway = more excitement (Excites direct)
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What receptor does dopamine inhibit?
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D2 (inhibits indirect)
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If you loose dopamine, you loose what?
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Motor activity
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What type of movements will you get with a dopamine excess?
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Hyperkinetic
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What supplies blood to the basal ganglia?
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Central branches of the middle cerebral artery and branches of the posterior cerebral and communicating
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