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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sociobiology
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social behavior of animals
makes more use of evolution than ethology |
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Comparative psychology
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understanding animals for the sake of understanding humans
study only a few species use of lab animals |
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Instinct
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nature, genotype vs. nurture, phenotype
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Phenotype
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observable characteristic of a living thing
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Genotype
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inheritable trait, in some way genotype determines phenotype
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Paradigm
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an idea about how something works
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Anthropocentric
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animals are like people that look different
beware of it |
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Tropism
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taxes
animals are automatically driven in different ways to different stimuli |
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Taxes
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tropism
action animals are automatically driven in different ways to different stimuli |
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Evolution
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change in genetic makeup of a population overtime
a paradigm |
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Proximate causation
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things that immediately change behavior
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Ultimate causation
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distal causation
why does the behavior occur at all |
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Fixed action patterns
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simple, ridged, stereotyped behaviors
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Action specific energy
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energy builds up slowly until the animal does the action
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Releaser
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characteristic of another living things that releases the energy that has been building up in the other animal
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Innate releasing mechanism
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something in the animal that sees the releaser that prompts the animal to perform the action
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Vacuum activity
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engages in fixed action pattern w/o the releaser
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Displacement activities
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when animals are in situations of conflict they will often do a third thing instead
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Supernormal releaser
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an exaggeration of the releaser that produces an exaggerated response
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Redirected aggression
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occurs in social animals when a higher-ranked animal attacks a lower-ranking animal. This animal then redirects their aggression toward an even lower-ranking animal.
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Homology
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similarity that is based on a common evolutionary background
vs. analogous |
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Phylogeny
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study of behavior and evolution
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Learning (5 kinds)
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the modification of behavior due to experience
1. Habituation 2. Classical Conditioning 3. Operant Conditioning 4. Observational Conditioning |
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Habituation
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getting used to a stimuli and no longer responding
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Classical conditioning
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a connection between two stimuli
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Operant conditioning
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Reinforcing some acts and not reinforcing others. Positive and negative reinforcement make the behavior more or less likely. Can't always connect stimuli.
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Observational learning
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learn through watching, more difficult (need bigger brain)
often occurs in social animals |
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Insight learning
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animals creating their own behavior to solve problems
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Imprint learning
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one trial learning
can occur in old and young animals |
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Garcia effect
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associate flavors or foods with sickness
where instinct and learning comes together can associate sight/taste w/ illness, but not sound and taste |
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Template learning
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the animal knows what it should be learning, but it needs to see/hear to be able to know it
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Types of communication
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vocal, vibrations, light, color change
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4 levels of analysis of animal behavior
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1. What is the function?
2. How has it evolved? 3. What causes it? 4. How does it develop? |
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Umwelt
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the environment as perceived by an animal
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Ways animals experience world (3)
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1. Unusual Sensitivity
2. Unique Modalities 3. Stimulus Filtering |
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Unusual Sensitivity
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has same modality, but stronger
(good sense of smell in dogs) |
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Unique Modalities
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has different modality
sense of electromagnetic field sense of electric field sense of heat--thermo-receptor |
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Stimulus Filtering
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animals do not get all the info that is out there b/c cannot perceive and b/c do not need
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