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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
4 Phases of the Bacterial Growth Curve?
-Where is the bacteria most sensitive to antibiotics? Where does transformation occur? |
-lag phase
-log (exponential) phase (most sensitive to antibiotics) (late log phase - transformation occurs) -stationary phase -death phase |
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Groups Based on Optimum Temperature for Max. Growth
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-mesophiles
-thermophiles -psychrophiles (cold) |
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Groups Based on Optimum Temperature for Max. Growth
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-neutrophiles
-acidophiles -alkalinophiles |
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Groups Based on Growth in Presence of O2
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-obligate aerobe: O2 req.
-microaerophile: required in low amts -obligate anaerobe: O2 is toxic -facultative: not needed for growth, but used when present -aerotolerant anaerrobe: not required nor utilized |
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Enzymes that Detoxify Radicals
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-superoxide dismutase (converts radicals into H2O2 and O2; not found in obligate anaerobes)
-peroxidase (further converts H2O2; found in aerotolerant anaerobes) -catalase (further converts H2O2; found in obligate aerobes and facultative) |
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Chemoheterotrops:
-Energy Source? |
-organic compounds
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Catabolism:
-Degrade/synthesize complex molecules? -Use/produce energy storage molecules? |
-degrade complex molecules
-produce energy storing molecules |
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Secondary Energy Storage Molecules:
-Names? -How much ATP made? |
-NADH = 3 ATP from ETC
-FADH2 = 2 ATP from ETC |
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Glucose Catabolism:
Aerobic Conditions: -Processes? -End Result? |
-glycolysis (makes 2 pyruvates) -> krebs cycle -> ETC
-end result: 38 ATP |
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Glucose Catabolism:
Anaerobic Conditions: -Processes? -End Result? |
-glycolysis (makes 2 pyruvates) -> fermentation
-end result: 2 ATP (from glycolysis) |
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Glucose Catabolism:
Entner-Duodoroff Pathway |
only occurs in prokarotic cells
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Frederick Griffith Experiment
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-R strain = mouse lives
-S strain = mouse dies -heat-killed S strain = mouse lives -heat-killed S strain + R strain = mouse dies -demonstrates transformation |
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Transformation
-Mechanism? -Natural Transformation? |
-competent bacterial cells pick up naked ss DNA fragments from dead cells (facilitated by DNA binding prots) and incorporate them into its genome (facilitated by Rec A protein)
-nat. transfrmtn.: in adverse conditions, bact develop ability to pick up DNA from environment |
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Conjugation:
-Mechanism |
-F+ extends pilus to create cell-cell contact with F- and genetic transfer occurs
*note: can transfer entire chromosome |
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Conjugation:
-F Plasmid? -High Frequency Recombination cell? |
-F plasmid has gene for sex pilus; R plasmid has a drug resistance gene
-Hfr cells have F plasmid incorporated into chromosome |
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Transduction:
-Mechanism? -Generalized vs. Specialized? |
-mediated by bacteriophages
-generalized: any host gene can be trnsfred; results from lytic cycle -specialized: only specific host genes are trnsfred; results from lytic and lysogenic cycle |
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Transposition:
-Mechanism? -Transposon structure |
-transfer of genetic material within a cell; transposons (jumping genes) can change position on a genome or be transferred b/w different DNA molecules
-structure: palindromic sequences at ends; insertion sequence with transposase gene and/or antibiotic resistance gene |
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Common Targets of Antibiotics (4 differences b/w eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells)
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-cell wall (only in bact)
-DNA condensation mech (DNA gyrase in bact) -txn (RNA pol II in euk. vs RNA pol in bact) -trnslation (50S, 30S in bact) |
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Steps of Peptidoglycan Synthesis
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1. 4 AAs (tetrapeptide) attached ot NAM in cytosol
2. ^ attached to bactoprenol 3. NAG is attached 4. monomer is transported to periplasmic spc thru bactoprenol 5. autolysis break glycosidic bonds b/w peptidoglycan monomers and pentaglycine peptide x-bridges linking rows of sugars in existing peptidoglycan 5. transglycosylase forms bonds b/w new monomer and NAG/NAMs of existing peptidoglycan 6. transpeptidase reforms pentaclycine peptide x-links b/w rows |
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DNA Condensation:
-Condensation Enzyme? -Decondensation Enzyme? |
-condensation: DNA gryrase
-decondensation: topoisomerase IV |
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase Subunits:
-Number? -Vs. Eukaryotic RNA Pol? |
-4 subunits (2 alpha, 2 beta)
-euk RNA Pol has 12 subunits |