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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Basic Cell Structures (Not Special)
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-cell wall
-plasma membrane -chromosome (nucleoid) -ribosomes -inclusion (granule) |
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Flagellum:
-Attached where? -3 parts? -Rotation direction during running? Tumbling? |
-attached to the cell membrane
-parts: filament, hook, basal body -running: counterclockwise -tumbling: clockwise |
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Flagellum:
-Terms that describe how many and location of flagellum on a bacterium? |
-monotrichous - single flagellum
-lophotrichous - cluster at one end -amphitrichous - one at each end -peritrichous - distributed all over cell surface (slowest traveler) |
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Frimbrae:
-Function? |
-fxn: attachment to target cell; enable colonization
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Pilus:
-Function? |
-fxn: allows DNA to be transferred to another cell via conjugation
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Glycocalyx:
-2 types? -Function? -Visualized by? |
-2 types: slime; capsule
-fxn: adhere to surfaces; incr ability to cause disease (cap); protects against phagocytes (cap) and drying (slime) -visualized by indian ink stain *not required for cell growth |
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Gram Staining:
Chemicals and Steps |
1. crystal violet = staining
2. iodine = fixing 3. alcohol or acetone = decolorization 4. safranin = counterstaining |
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Gram Positive Cells:
-Stain which color? -Layers? |
-stain blue/black or purple
-(out) peptidoglycan (thick), periplasmic space, cell mb (in) -APS: teichoic acid & lipotecihoic acid (unique to gram+) |
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Gram Positive Cells:
-Acidic polysaccharides associated? Bound to? |
-teichoic acid bound to peptidoglycan
-lipteichoic acid bound to cell mb *these are unique to gram+ cells and play role in attachment |
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Gram Negative Cells:
-Stain which color? -Layers? |
-stain red or pink
-(out) outer membrane, periplasmic spc, peptidoglycan (thin), periplasmic spc, cell mb (in) |
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Gram Negative Cells:
Outer Membrane: -Contents? -Function? |
-contents: bilipid layer containing LPSs and porins (lets thru small hydrophilic molecules)
-fxn: permeability layer to large molecules (lower permeability than gram+) |
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Gram Negative Cells:
Outer Membrane: Lipopolysaccharides: -Composed of? -Activates what in animals? |
-composed of: lipid A (toxic to animals), core polysaccharide, O antigen
-activates monocytes and complement sys -> autoimmune response |
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Peptidoglycan:
-Function? -Subunits composed of? -Bridge linking subunits? |
-fxn: rigidity and porosity
-composed of tetrapeptide (prot) bound to NAM (sugar) bound to NAG (sugar) -subunits linked by peptide bridge formed by tetrapeptide and pentaglycine peptide |
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Beta Lactamase:
-Found where? -Function? |
-B-lactamase is an enzyme found in the periplasmic spc.
-fxn: degrade penicillin = resistance |
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Acid Fast Stain (Ziehl-Neelsen Stain):
-Visualizes what? -Chemicals and steps? |
-visualizes acid fast bacteria, which have chemically unique cell walls surrounded by mycolic acid
1. carbol fuchsin = staining 2. mixed with phenol = fixing 3. acid/alcohol = decolorization 4. methylene blue = counterstain (acid fast bacteria stain pink) |
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Order of amount of peptidoglycan found in cell wall types
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1. gram+ (most peptidoglycan)
2. gram- 3. acid fast |
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Defensin is secreted by host cells to attack which part of the bacterial cell?
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-cell mb
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Chromosome:
-Structure? -Condensed by? |
-structure: ds DNA, circular
-condensed by DNA gyrase (not histones) |
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Ribosome:
-Subunits? |
-subunits: 50S and 30S (as opposed to humans' 60S and 40S subunits)
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Inclusions (Granules):
-Function? |
-fxn: intracellular storage
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Spore (Endospore):
-Function? -3 Layers? -Visualized by? |
-fxn: very resistant to heat, radiation, etc. -> enables survival in harsh conditions
-layers: [out] exosporium (prot), spore coat (prot), cortex (peptidoglycan) [in] -visualized by malachite green stain |