Bacteria And Viruses

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protein shell that encloses a viral genome

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capsid

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membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome

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viral envelope

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virus that infects bacteria

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phage

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limited range of host cells that each type of virus can infect and parasitize

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host range

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type of viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by death or lysis of the host cell

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lytic cycle

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virus that reproduces only by a lytic cycle

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virulent phage

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phage that is capable of using either the lytic or lysogenic cycles

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temperate phage

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phage genome that has been inserted into a specific site on the bacterial chromosome

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prophage

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viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host

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lysogenic cycke

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viral DNA that inserts into a host genome

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provirus

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RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome

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retrovirus

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enzyme that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

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reverse transcriptase

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harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

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vaccine

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code for proteins that affect he cell cycle (ex: growth factors)

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proto-oncogene

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directly involved in triggering cancerous characteristics in cells

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oncogene

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plant infected from external source of virus

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horizontal transmission

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plant inherits viral infection from parent

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vertical transmission

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tiny molecules of naked circular RNA that infect plants

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viroids

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infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more ____s

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prion

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dense region of DNA in a bacteria not bounded by membrane

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nucleoid

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alteration of a bacterial cell’s genome by uptake of naked foreign DNA

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transformation

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phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another

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transduction

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random transfer of bacterial genes from one bacterium to another

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generalized transduction

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transfers only certain genes near prophage site on bacterial chromosome

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specialized transduction

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direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells that are temporarily joined

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conjugation

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DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient

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F factor

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small, circular self replicating DNA molecule separate from the bacterial chromosome

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plasmid

Front 28

genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or as part of the bacterial chromosome

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episome

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the F factor and its plasmid that has genes of which most are required for production of sex pili

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F plasmid

Front 30

bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics

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R plasmid

Front 31

piece of DNA that can move from one location to another in a cell’s genome

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transposon

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simplest bacterial transposons that consist of only the DNA necessary for the act of transposition

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insertion sequences

Front 33

noncoding sequences about 20 to 40 nucleotides long

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inverted repeats

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flank a transposon in its new site

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direct repeats

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transposons more complex than insertion sequences that include extra genes

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composite transposon

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sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach

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operator

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unit of genetic function common in bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions

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operon

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protein that binds to the operator and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to the promoter; prevents transcription of genes

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repressor

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gene that codes fro a protein that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

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regulatory gene

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small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

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corepressor

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inactivates repressor

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inducer

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molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule in eukaryotes

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cAMP

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regulatory protein that directly stimulates gene expression

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cAMP receptor protein

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recognized and cut up foreign DNA, including certain phage DNA

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restriction nuclease

Front 45

protein subunits capsid is built from

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capsomeres

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What kind of organisms are bacteria?

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prokaryotic

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Who found that the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease was an unusually small bacteria or perhaps a toxin?

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Mayer and Ivanovsky

Front 48

Who found that the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease could reproduce but only in the plant?

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Beigerinck

Front 49

Who finally isolated the substance causing tobacco mosaic disease by crystallizing it?

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Stanley

Front 50

What are invectious particles consisting of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?

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viruses

Front 51

What are obligate intracellular parasites? critters that cannot ____

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reproduce without host

Front 52

What is a viral envelope made of?

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host's membrane

Front 53

What begins when the genome of the virus enters the host cell?

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viral infection

Front 54

What on the envelope bind to specific receptors on the host's membrane?

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glycoproteins

Front 55

What remains latent within the nucleus until triggered by physical or emotional stress to leave the genome and initiate active viral production?

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provirus

Front 56

Who is the viral DNA molecule incorporated during the lysogenic cycle into a specific site on the host cell's chromosome?

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genetic recombination

Front 57

What three things can the genome of RNA viruses serve as?

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mRNA
template for mRAN
template for DNA

Front 58

What results from the host's immune response to viruses?

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temporary symptoms

Front 59

What kind of viruses transform cells by integrating into the host DNA?

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tumor

Front 60

The emergence of new wiral diseases is dur to three processes:

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mutation
spread of existing viruses from one species to another
dissemination of viral disease from small isolated population

Front 61

Whose genome is ds, circular DNA?

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bacteria

Front 62

How do bacteria divide?

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binary fission

Front 63

Give another name for some transposons.

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jumping genes

Front 64

The transposon replicates at its origin site and a copy insets elsewhere during:

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replicative transposition

Front 65

The two types of transposons are:

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insertion sequences
compositie transposons

Front 66

Who is the viral DNA molecule incorporated during the lysogenic cycle into a specific site on the host cell's chromosome?

Back 66

genetic recombination

Front 67

What three things can the genome of RNA viruses serve as?

Back 67

mRNA
template for mRAN
template for DNA

Front 68

What results from the host's immune response to viruses?

Back 68

temporary symptoms

Front 69

What kind of viruses transform cells by integrating into the host DNA?

Back 69

tumor

Front 70

The emergence of new wiral diseases is dur to three processes:

Back 70

mutation
spread of existing viruses from one species to another
dissemination of viral disease from small isolated population

Front 71

Whose genome is ds, circular DNA?

Back 71

bacteria

Front 72

How do bacteria divide?

Back 72

binary fission

Front 73

Give another name for some transposons.

Back 73

jumping genes

Front 74

The transposon replicates at its origin site and a copy insets elsewhere during:

Back 74

replicative transposition

Front 75

The two types of transposons are:

Back 75

insertion sequences
compositie transposons

Front 76

What causes mutations when they happen to land within the coding sequence of a gene or within a DNA region that regulates gene expression?

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insertion sequences

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What recognizes the inverted reeats as the edges of the transposon?

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transposase

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What cuts the transposon from its initial site and insets it into the target site?

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transposase

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What fills in the gaps in the DNA strands?

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DNA polymerase

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What seals the old and new material after DNA polymerase filsl in the gaps in the DNA strangs?

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DNA ligase

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What type of transposons may help bacteria adapt to new environemtns?

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composite transposons

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Who inversitgated cahnges in the color of corn kernels?

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McClintock

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Control of gene expression in bacteria is an example of _____.

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negative feedback

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How can you respond to changes other than recombining with another bacteria?

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change concentration of enzyme
adjust activity of enzymes

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Who proposed the operon model for the control of gene expression in bacteria?

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Jacob and Monod

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region where RNA polymerase first bings

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promoter

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Which type of operon is by default on?

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repressible operon

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The number of active repressor molecules available determines the on and off mode of the ___.

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operator

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What is stimulated when a specific small molecule interacts with a regulatory protein?

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inducible operon

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Repressible exnzymes generally function in which type of pathway, synthesizing end products?

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anabolic

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Inducible enzymes usually function in which type of pathway, digesting nutrients to simpler molecules?

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catabolic

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Both repressibel and inducible operons demonstrate ____ control.

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negative

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What occurs when an activator molecule interacts directly with the genome to switch transcription on?

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positive gene control

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The cellular metabolism is biases toward the utilization of ____.

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glucose

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Overall energy levels in the cell determine the level of _____ through crp.

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transcription