Back Forum

Front 1

Describe body of typical vertebra

Back 1

-short cylinder, SUPPORTS WEIGHT, separated and also bound together by INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS, forming the CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS

Front 2

Describe vertebral arch

Back 2

-consists of paired PEDICLES laterally and paired LAMINAE posteriorly
-forms vertebral foramen with vertebral body and protects spinal cord and associated structures

Front 3

Describe processes associated with vertebral arch

Back 3

SPINOUS PROCESS - projects posteriorly from junction of two laminae, bifid in cervical, spine like in thoracic and oblong in lumbar region
TRANSVERSE PROCESS- project laterally from junction of pedicle and lamina
ARTICULAR PROCESSES - projections from junction of pedicles and lamina, project superiorly and inferiorly, articulate with other articular processes

Front 4

Vertebral foramina

Back 4

-formed by vertebral bodies and vertebral arches
-form VERTEBRAL CANAL and transmit SPINAL CORD and meninges

Front 5

Intervertebral foramina

Back 5

-located between superior and inferior surfaces of pedicles of adjacent vertebra
-transmit SPINAL NERVES

Front 6

Transverse foramina

Back 6

-present in transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
-transmit vertebral ARTERY, veins and autonomic nerves

Front 7

Which regions have triangular spinal canal?

Back 7

Cervical and lumbar

Front 8

Which regions have round spinal canals?

Back 8

Thoracic

Front 9

Which vertebrae have spinous processes that project inferiorly?

Back 9

Thoracic

Front 10

Which vertebrae have bifid spinous processes

Back 10

Cervical

Front 11

Which vertebrae have costal facets

Back 11

Thoracic

Front 12

Which verebrae have transverse foramina? What goes there?

Back 12

Cervical, vertebral artery

Front 13

Identify structures that pass through various sacral foramina?

Back 13

Anterior sacral foramina transmit ventral primary rami of first four sacral nerves
Posterior sacral foramina transmit dorsal rami.

Front 14

Describe articulation between vertebral bodies? ID joint

Back 14

Joints of vertebral bodies are SYMPHYSES designed for weight bearing and strength. Articulating surfaces connected by IV discs

Front 15

Is there an IV disc between every body of a vertebra

Back 15

NO, there is NO IV disc between C1 and C2
Most inferior one is between L5 and S1

Front 16

Describe articulation between vertebral arches? ID joint

Back 16

Joints of vertebral arches are ZYGAPOPHYSIAL joints.
They are SYNOVIAL PLANE joints, permit GLIDING movements
Limit rotation in LUMBAR region
Oriented in CORONAL plane in cervical column

Front 17

Describe ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL ligament

Back 17

ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL - runs from occipital bone to sacrum on anterior surface of vertebral bodies and IV discs, narrowest at the upper end but WIDENS AS DESCENDS, maintaining stability
LIMITS EXTENSION of vertebral column, SUPPORTS ANNULUS FIBROSUS anteriorly and resists gravitational pull

Front 18

Describe POSTERIOR LONGITUDINAL ligament

Back 18

-interconnects vertebral bodies and IV discs posteriorly and NARROWS as it descends
-SUPPORTS posterior aspect of VERTEBRAL BODIES and ANNULUS FIBROSUS
LIMITS FLEXION of vertebral column and resists gravitaional pull

Front 19

Describe LIGAMENTUM FLAVUM

Back 19

-Connects LAMINAE of two adjacent vertebrae and functions to MAINTAIN UPRIGHT POSTURE
-can be pierced during LUMBAR PUNCTURE

Front 20

Describe NUCHAL LIGAMENT

Back 20

Its a TRIANGULAR SHAPED MEDIAN FIBROUS SEPTUM between muscles on two sides of posterior neck.
Formed by THICKENED SUPRASPINOUS LIGAMENTS that extend from C7 to external occipital protuberance, also attached to posterior tubercle of atlas and spinous processes of other vertebrae

Front 21

Which ligament limits hyperextension of the vertebral column

Back 21

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 22

Describe medial atlantoaxial joint

Back 22

There are two LATERAL atlantoaxial joints between lateral masses of C1 and superior facets of C2
There is ONE median atlantoaxial joint between dens of C2 and anterior arch and transverse ligament of atlas.
Its a PIVOT joint, while lateral are gliding SYNOVIAL joints
Movement of all three joints permits to do "no" motion of the head

Front 23

Describe arterial supply of vertebral column

Back 23

Vertebrae are supplied by PERIOSTEAL and EQUATORIAL branches of major cervical and segmental arterie and their spinal branches

Front 24

Identify components and describe drainage of Batsons vertebral venous plexus

Back 24

Its a thin walled VALVELESS venous plexus. Provides pathway for tumor cells to spread from pelvic, abdominal and thoracic viscera to vertbrae, spinal cord and brain. Cancer of prostate, lung or breast can metastasize to brain via verterbral venoud plexus. Also provides pathway for spreading infection

Front 25

Describe superficial back muscles, origin, insertion, action

Back 25

SUPERFICIAL EXTRINSIC BACK MUSCLES are trapezius, lat dorsi, rhomboids and levator scapulae - they connect upper limbs to trunk, they are innervated by anterior rami of cervical nerves and act on upper limb. Trapezius gets innervated by CNXI
Intermediate extrinsic back muscles are serratus posterior superior and inferior, those are thin muscles, commonly called respiratory muscles
DEEP back muscles extend from cranium to pelvis

Front 26

Describe superficial layer of deep back muscles

Back 26

SPLENIUS MUSCLES are thick and flat, and lie on posterior and lateral aspects of neck. They arise at midline and extend superolaterally to cervical vertebrae (CERVICIS) and cranium (CAPITIS).
They cover and hold deep neck muscles in position

Front 27

Describe erector spinae muscles

Back 27

They lie in a groove on each side of vertebral column between spinous processes and angles of ribs. Common origin- POSTERIOR PART OF ILIAC CREST, POSTERIOR SACRUM, SACROILIAC LIGAMENTS, INFERIOR LUMBAR PROCESSES

Front 28

Desribe and name transversospinal muscles

Back 28

Semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores. Originate from transverse processes of vertebrae and pass to SPINOUS PROCESSES of superior vertebrae
highest concentration of proprioceptive fibers which provide feedback that maintains proper spinal allignment

Front 29

Name intersegmental muscles

Back 29

INTERSPINALES, LEVATORES COSTARUM, INTERTRANSVERSARII

Front 30

Identify boundaries of suboccipital triangle

Back 30

Bound medially by rectus capitis posterior major, laterally by obliquis capitis superior and inferiorly by obliquis capitis inferior, roof is formed by semispinalis capitis and longissimus capitis
contains VERTEBRAL ARTERY, SUBOCCIPITAL NERVE and vessels

Front 31

Which muscle has greatest direct effect on rotation of vertebral column

Back 31

semispinalis

Front 32

Which muscle is most developed in lumbar region

Back 32

multifidus

Front 33

Vessels supplying body also supply spinal cord - true/false?

Back 33

True

Front 34

The eye of the scotty dog on lumbar oblique film is

Back 34

pedicle

Front 35

What do all muscles of superficial back have in common

Back 35

attach scapula to vertebral column