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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 2 major immune responses provide protection from infection and disease?
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1. the innate immune responses
2. the adaptive (acquired) immune response |
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What is the function of mononuclear cells?
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Ingestion and destruction of:
- damaged cells - neoplastic cells - bacteria |
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What is the function of polymorphonuclear cells?
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- Ingestion or phagocytosis
- killing of microorganisms - facilitation of bodily clearance of dead cells |
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What is the function of eosinophils?
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- phagocytosis
- combating parasitic dz - defense in allergic response |
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What is the function of neutrophils?
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- phagocytosis
- cytokine release - secretion of hydrolytic enzymes - secretion of reactive oxygen species |
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What is the function of Natural killer (NK) cells?
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- nonspecific tumor cell
- antibody-dependant cytotoxicity |
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What is the function of basohpils and mast cells?
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- sources of histamine and heparin (to increase vascular permeability, smooth muscle contractility, and inflammatory responses)
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What is the function of platelets?
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- facilitation of coagulation
- influence of tissue reactivity to injury |
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What is the function of B Lymphocytes?
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- humoral immunity
- transformation into plasm cells to produce Ab and Ig - cytokine release |
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What is the function of T Lymphocytes?
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- Recognition and reaction to foreign material
- cytokine release |
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What is the function of plasma cells?
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- protein synthesis to create Ig
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What are cytokines?
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peptides that regulate the action of inflammatory and immune system cells
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What are some examples of cytokines?
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- interferons
- interleukins - tumour necrosis factor (TNF) - some growth factors - chemokines - colony stimulation factors |
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What are the 2 primary inflammatory cytokines?
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1. Interleukin-1
2. TNF-alpha |
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Besides the plasma, where is IgA found in the human body?
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- saliva
- tears |
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Besides the plasma, where is IgG found in the human body?
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- amniotic fluid
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Where are B Lymphocytes formed?
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- B one marrow
- plasma cells |
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Where are T Lymphocytes formed?
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- T hymus
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Which branch of the immune system uses B Lymphocytes?
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Humoral system
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Which branch of the immune system uses T Lymphocytes?
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Cell-mediated system
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What is function of antibody IgA?
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topical defense
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What is function of antibody IgD?
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nonspecific (unknown)
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What is function of antibody IgE?
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Hypersensitivity & anaphylaxis
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What is function of antibody IgG?
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Defense against systemic infection
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What is function of antibody IgM?
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Bacterial cell lysis
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Vaccinations are an example of which type of immunity (active/passive)?
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active
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Infusions of IgG to provide a patient with Ab to a dz is an example of what type of immunity (active/passive)?
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passive immunity
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What does it mean if a person is atopic?
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- increased allergy tendency
- maintain large quantities of IgE |
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What determines if a systemic immediate hypersensitivity reaction is anaphylacTIC or anaphylacTOID?
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- anaphylacTIC is an IgE-mediated immune response and only requires minute amounts to trigger a rxn
- anaphylacTOID is a non IgE-mediated immune response and generally require systemic exposure in larger amounts |
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How late can an anaphylactic reaction develop?
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Up to several hours later
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How many hypersensitivity reactions are there?
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4
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What receptors does histamine affect and what happens when they are stimulated?
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- H1 (smooth muscle contraction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability)
- H2 (increased gastric secretion & cardiac stimulation) - H3 (inhibits release of some neurotransmitters at presynaptic sites) |
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What is the non-IV dose of Epinephrine for anaphylaxis in adults? In children?
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- 100-500 mcg (0.01-0.05 mg) SQ/IM Q 10-15 min up to 1 mg (1000 mcg)
- 10 mcg/kg SQ/IM Q 15 X 2, then Q 4 up to 500 mcg |
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What is the most common method of occupation HIV transmission?
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Injury with a contaminated hollow-bore needle
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What 2 strategies exist after occupational exposure with body fluids?
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1. tx with 2+ antiretroviral drugs until tests show tx is unwarranted
2. test all parties involved, then treat if warranted |
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How quickly can results from a rapid HIV test be obtained?
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a few hours or less
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When should results from a rapid HIV test be confirmed by laboratory tests?
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If positive
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True or False:
There is no evidence to support that early antiretroviral medications can prevent the development of HIV infection if given early. |
False; evidence has been shown that early antiretroviral meds given early, can prevent HIV infection in occupational and neonatal exposures
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What are the major components of body substance isolation precautions?
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1. gloves
2. mask 3. eyewear/faceshields 4. gowns/aprons |
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How often should sterile components of the anesthesia machine be changed?
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Between EVERY use
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