B5 Ocr Gateway

Front 1

Why is an internal skeleton advantageous over an external one? (4)

Back 1

- Supports body and provides framework

- It's easy to attach muscles to it

- More flexible than external

- Can grow with the body

Front 2

What type of tissue is cartilage and bone?

Back 2

Living

Front 3

Describe the structure of a long bone

Back 3

- Head with covering of cartilage

- Shaft containing marrow cavity, which has blood vessels

Front 4

Why are long bones hollow?

Back 4

Makes movement more efficient:

- Lighter than solid bones

- Stronger than solid bones of the same mass

Front 5

Cartilage and bone are susceptible to _______ but can ______ and _______ themselves

Back 5

Infection,

Grow,

Repair

Front 6

Describe the process of ossification as the human skeleton develops

Back 6

1) Skeleton starts off as cartilage

2) Slowly ossified - blood vessels deposit calcium and phosphorus

3) Replaces cartilage, eventually becomes bone

Front 7

How can we tell if a person is still growing?

Back 7

By checking the amount of cartilage present in their bones

Front 8

Despite being very _____, bones can be easily_____ by a _______ ________

Back 8

Strong,

Broken,

Sharp knock

Front 9

Why are elderly people more prone to fractures?

Back 9

Elderly = more likely to suffer from osteoporosis, condition where calcium from bones is lost.

Bones become softer, more brittle and more likely to break.

Front 10

Why can it be dangerous to move a person with a suspected fracture

Back 10

A broken bone can easily damage nearby tissue

Front 11

Why is it especially important not to move someone with a suspected spinal fracture?

Back 11

You could damage their spinal cord, which can lead to paralysis

Front 12

Give an example of a ball and socket joint, and describe its range of movement

Back 12

- Like the hip and shoulder

- Can move in all directions and rotate

Front 13

Give an example of a hinge joint and describe its range of movement

Back 13

- E.g. Knees or elbow

- Can go backwards and forwards, not side to side

Front 14

Name the 4 parts of a synovial joint and describe the function of each

Back 14

- Bones at synovial joints held together by ligaments

- End of bones have cartilage, stops bones rubbing together and acts as a shock absorber (Can be slightly compressed)

- Synovial membrane releases synovial fluid

- Synovial fluid lubricates the joint, making it easier to move

Front 15

How do the biceps and triceps operate to bend and straighten the arm?

Back 15

They contract and relax as antaganositic muscles

Front 16

The arm bending and straightening is an example of a....

Back 16

Lever (Might want to explain how)

Front 17

B5b

Back 17

yh

Front 18

Why do many animals need a blood circulatory system?

Back 18

All living cells need to be supplied with materials e.g. oxygen and glucose. Animals are multicellular (too big to get materials through diffusion). Needed to transport materials efficiently around their bodies.

Front 19

Describe a single circulatory system, and explain why it links to a two-chambered heart.

Back 19

- 1 circuit of blood vessels from the heart, pumps around in cycle

- 2 chambered heart needed, 1 chamber needed to pump blood to gills (fish) and body, and 1 to receive blood

Front 20

Describe a double circulatory system and explain why it links to a four-chambered heart

Back 20

- 2 circuits of blood vessels from the heart - 1 to lungs and 1 to rest of body

- 4 chambers needed to pump blood separately to lungs and body (1 to receive from lungs, 1 to pump to lungs, 1 to receive from body, 1 to pump to body)

Front 21

Compare the circulatory systems of fish and mammals

Back 21

Fish - Single circulatory system

Mammals - Double circulatory system

Front 22

Describe the contribution of Galen towards the understanding of blood circulation i.e. what he did and what he concluded from it

Back 22

1) Cut up animals to study them, so found out about chambers in the heart

2) Thought arterial blood was made by heart

3) Thought blood from veins was made by liver, sucked through veins to heart and consumed by the organs

Front 23

Describe the contribution of William Harvey towards the understanding of blood circulation i.e. what he did and what he concluded from it (4)

Back 23

1) Heart valves stopped back flow of blood

2) The heart was a pump, not a sucker!

3) Pulse is caused by heart pumping blood and arteries

4) Same blood recycled around body, not made then consumed

Might want to describe experiments

Front 24

What makes a double circulatory system advantageous over a single system?

Back 24

- In a single system- blood loses pressure as pumped to gills then rest of body, double = blood under higher pressure

- Allows materials to be transported around the body more quickly

Front 25

What is the cardiac cycle? Explain the steps

Back 25

- The sequence of events in one complete heartbeat

1) - Blood flows into 2 atria. Semilunar valves closed, atrio-ventricular valves open

2) - Atria contract, pushes blood into the ventricles. Semilunar valves closed, atrio-ventricular valves open

3) - Ventricles contract, force blood into aorta and pulmonary artery. Semilunar open, atrio-ventricular close automatically

4) - Blood flows along the arteries, atria fill again in cycle

Front 26

How is heart rate linked to activity?

Back 26

When you exercise, heart pumps more (muscles need more O2)

Also caused by hormones, e.g. adrenaline to make sure muscles have a good supply of oxygen

Front 27

How is heart muscle contraction controlled?

Back 27

By groups of cells called the pacemakers which produce small electric current to stimulate muscle contraction

Front 28

True or false? Artificial pacemakers are now commonly used to control heartbeat

Back 28

True

Front 29

Apart from exercise, why else could your heart rate increase?

Back 29

Also caused by hormones, e.g. adrenaline to make sure muscles have a good supply of oxygen

Front 30

Name the two pacemaker cells

Back 30

SAN - sino-atrial node

AVN - atrio-ventricular node

Front 31

Describe how the pacemaker cells coordinate muscle contraction

Back 31

SAN produces current first, spreads to atria to make them contract.

These impulses stimulate the AVN, making them impulse too.

The AVN impulses make ventricles contract

Front 32

Name 2 techniques used to investigate heart action and what they show

Back 32

Electrocardiogram (ECG) - Show electrical activity of heart

- Can show heart attacks, irregular heartbeats and general heart health

Echocardiogram - Ultrasound scan of heart

- Can show heart failure (enlarged heart), valve function and decreased pumping ability

Front 33

B5c: Running repairs

Back 33

yh

Front 34

What is a hole in the heart?

Back 34

A gap in the septum which separates the 2 atria and ventricles

Front 35

How does a hole in the heart result in less oxygen in the blood?

Back 35

Blood can move from 1 side of the heart to the other freely, so de-oxygenated and oxygenated blood mix. Amount of oxygen in blood pumped to body is reduced

Front 36

Hole in the heart sometimes needs to be ______ though_______

Back 36

Corrected surgery

Front 37

Why do unborn babies have a hole in the heart?

Back 37

Get their oxygen from mother's placenta, blood doesn't need to travel to lungs.

Front 38

Why does the hole close soon after birth?

Back 38

Oxygen no longer available placenta, need to get it from the lungs so the lungs can no longer be bypassed.

Front 39

Explain the consequences of damaged or weak valves

Back 39

- Blood circulation is made less effective (maybe expand?)

Front 40

What usually happens if the valves are severely damaged?

Back 40

They are replaced with artificial ones

Front 41

What are the consequences of a blocked coronary artery?

Back 41

Coronary heart disease:

- Reduces blood flow to heart muscle

Front 42

How do you treat coronary heart disease?

Back 42

Coronary bypass surgery, blood vessel from somewhere else inserted to bypass blockage

Front 43

Give 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of pacemakers or artificial heart valves over a heart transplant

Back 43

Advantages

- Not usually rejected

- Valve replacement/ pacemaker is less drastic than transplant

Disadvantages

- New valves/ pacemakers won't last, need replacement

Front 44

Aside from a heart transplant, you can also...

Back 44

Use a heart assist device, which pumps blood in place of heart

Front 45

Name 3 drugs used to control blood clotting

Back 45

Warfarin, heparin and aspirin

Front 46

Describe the process of blood clotting

Back 46

- Platelets come into contact with damaged blood vessels, cause a series of chemical reactions leading to formation of a mesh of fibrin fibres (i.e. a clot)

Front 47

Unsuccessful blood transfusions cause...

Back 47

Agglutination (blood clumping)

Front 48

Describe blood donating and transfusion

Back 48

Donation - give some spare blood for medical uses

Transfusion - using blood from a blood donor

Front 49

Why can some blood types only be given to others?

Back 49

Some blood types have antibodies which will cause failure (+agglutination) if they encounter the opposing antigen in the blood transfusion (e.g. anti-A antibodies won't allow A antigens)

Front 50

Name the 4 blood types

Back 50

A, B, O, AB

Front 51

Which blood types have which antigens?

Back 51

A - A

B - B

AB - A and B

O- None

Front 52

Which blood types have which antibodies?

Back 52

A - anti-B

B - anti-A

AB - None

O - anti-A and anti-B

Front 53

What blood types can each blood type donate to?

Back 53

A - A and AB

B - B and AB

AB - AB

O - Anyone (Universal donor)

Front 54

What blood types can each blood type receive?

Back 54

A - A and O

B - B and O

AB - Anyone (Universal receiver)

O - Only O

Front 55

Where can these antibodies and antigens be found?

Back 55

In red blood cells and blood serum

Front 56

B5d: Respiratory systems

Back 56

yh

Front 57

Why do methods of gas exchange in fish and amphibians restrict them to their watery habitats?

Back 57

- Amphibians - permeable skin means they are susceptible to excessive water loss in dry places

- Fish - gills work by forcing water across the filaments

Front 58

What would you use to measure lung capacities?

Back 58

A spirometer

Front 59

What is ventilation? Give the 2 stages and explain them

Back 59

Breathing

1) Inspiration (breathing in) - Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, so volume of thorax increases (Part that contains lungs)

Pressure decreases as lungs expand, air comes in

2) Expiration - Intercostals, diaphragm relax, thorax volume decreases

Pressure up, air forced out

Front 60

What is tidal air?

Back 60

Volume of air you breathe in(or out) in one normal breath

Front 61

What is vital air capacity?

Back 61

Maximum amount of air which can be breathed in or out. (Total lung capacity - residual air)

Front 62

What is residual air?

Back 62

The amount of air always in the lungs to keep them open.

Front 63

How are gaseous exchange surfaces (like the alveoli) adapted to efficient gaseous exchange? Give at least 3

Back 63

- Permeable surface (helps gas exchange)

- Moist surface (Helps O2 and CO2 dissolve)

- Large surface area (Increase diffusion rate)

- Good blood supply

- Thin lining (1 cell thick) - don't have to diffuse far

Front 64

What happens in gaseous exchange within the alveoli?

Back 64

- Alveoli has high oxygen concentration, diffuses to low oxygen concentration blood

- Blood has high carbon dioxide concentration, diffuses into alveoli and vice versa

Front 65

What happens during an asthma attack?

Back 65

1) Lining of the airways becomes inflamed

2) Fluid builds up in airways

3) Muscles around bronchiole contract, constricts airways

Front 66

What are the symptoms of asthma?(At least 2) How is it treated? (1)

Back 66

- Difficulty breathing, wheezing, tight chest

- Treated with inhalers

Front 67

Why is the respiratory system prone to diseases/infections?

Back 67

-It's a dead end, microbes aren't easily flushed out from there

Front 68

Give 2 ways the respirator system/tract protects itself from disease?

Back 68

- Mucus catches dust/microbes before they reach the lungs

- Cilia beat away microbe filled mucus away from lungs as phlegm

Front 69

Give the 2 places you would find these defences the respiratory system has against disease.

Back 69

The trachea (windpipe) and bronchi (tubes to the lungs)

Front 70

Name the 3 different types of causes for lung diseases

Back 70

Industrial, genetic and lifestyle

Front 71

What type of cause is asbestosis? Briefly describe the disease

Back 71

- Industrial cause

- Inflammation + scarring limits gas exchange

Front 72

What type of cause is cystic fibrosis? Briefly describe the disease

Back 72

- Genetic cause

- Too much mucus in the bronchioles

Front 73

What type of disease cause is lung cancer? Describe lung cancer briefly

Back 73

- Life style cause

- Cells grow rapidly, reducing surface area in lungs

Front 74

B5e: Digestion

Back 74

Cocker

Front 75

Give at least 1 reason why physical digestion is important?

Back 75

- Helps food pass more easily through the digestive system

- Provides food with a larger surface area - chemical digestion = quicker

Front 76

Name the 3 digestive enzymes

Back 76

Carbohydrate, protease and lipase

Front 77

C_________ breaks down ______ into ______ and is found in the _______

Back 77

Carbohydrase breaks down starch into sugar and is found in the mouth

Front 78

P________ breaks down _______ to ________ and is found in the ________

Back 78

Protease breaks down protein into amino acids and is found in the stomach

Front 79

L_________ breaks down ______ to _______ and ________ and is found in the ____ _______

Back 79

Lipase breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol and is found in the small intestine

Front 80

_________ aids protease function (takes it to optimum level)

Back 80

Stomach acid, or around pH 2

Front 81

Where is bile stored?

Back 81

The gallbladder

Front 82

How does bile improve fat digestion? (minimum 1 point)

Back 82

Breaks down fat in small intestine into small droplets (emulsifies it) for bigger surface area for lipase to work on.

Bile is alkaline, so neutralises acts from stomach for optimum conditions for the small intestine enzymes

Front 83

Why is the stomach pH acidic, but mouth and small intestines have a _____ or ______ pH.

Back 83

Mouth and small intestines have a neutral or alkaline pH

Needed for specific enzymes (e.g. protease in tummeh) to function + work in optimum conditions

Front 84

Name the 2 steps in the breakdown of starch

Back 84

1) Starch first broken down into maltose

2) Maltose broken down into glucose

Front 85

Why do large molecules need to be broken down into smaller molecules?

Back 85

So they can be absorbed into the blood plasma/lymph, + provides a larger surface area for chemical digestion (enzymes to work)

Front 86

How do small digested food molecules get absorbed and distributed to the rest of the body?

Back 86

1) Small food molecules diffuse into blood plasma/lymph from small intestine

2) Lymph emptied into blood, and blood plasma diffuse out to places where needed (e.g. glucose to muscels)

Front 87

Give at least 2 ways the small intestine is adapted for efficient absorption of food?

Back 87

1) Long - time to break down + absorb food before end

2) Big surface area due to to villi (small projections) on the intestine walls

3) Villi themselves have microvilli, more little projections - Surface area up

4) Villi have single permeable layer of surface layer (THIN LINING) for quick absorption

5) Good blood supply = efficient absorption

Front 88

B5f: Waste disposal

Back 88

I'm tired

Front 89

k

Back 89

k